Showing posts with label RedShift. Show all posts
Showing posts with label RedShift. Show all posts

November 25, 2022

Top 20 AWS App2Container Questions and Answers

 


Ques. 1): What do you know about AWS App2Container?

Answer:

A new command-line tool called AWS App2Container (A2C) enables current applications running in virtual machines to be converted into containers without requiring any code changes. In order to facilitate seamless deployment to Amazon ECS and EKS, A2C recognises programmes running on a server, identifies dependencies, and generates pertinent artefacts. To provide a repeatable method of building and deploying containerized applications, A2C also offers connectivity with AWS CodeBuild and CodeDeploy.

 

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Ques. 2): How is containerizing applications made simpler by App2Container?

Answer:

You can easily change your current applications that are operating on-premises, in Amazon EC2, or in any other cloud with App2Container. When you use A2C for containerization, you have the following advantages:

• Application Inventory: A2C can quickly and accurately inventory the applications in your environment without requiring a lot of human work by identifying the supported Java and ASP.NET applications that are running on a server.

• Detailed Dependency Analysis: A2C examines the active programme and detects dependencies, such as those on network ports and cooperating processes. This thorough information lessens the manual work necessary to comprehend and record application anatomy and necessary dependencies.

• Seamless Deployment: By connecting with multiple AWS services including ECR, ECS, and EKS, A2C generates ECS task definitions and Kubernetes deployment YAML for the containerized application in accordance with the AWS best practises for security and scalability. To establish the necessary computing, network, and security infrastructure for the smooth deployment of containerized applications on AWS, A2C develops a CloudFormation template. To build and deploy containers, A2C develops CI/CD pipelines for Amazon DevOps services like CodeBuild and CodeDeploy. You can incorporate the deployment artefacts provided by A2C into your existing CI/CD processes if you already use CI/CD technology (for instance, Azure DevOps and Jenkins).

 

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Ques. 3): Can I containerize my applications outside the product environment?

Answer:

You should containerize programmes using your development and testing environment. Without requiring a direct internet connection, App2Container enables you to execute inventory, analyzer, and extract commands on the application server. After that, you manually copy the application artefact tar file produced by A2C to an additional A2C worker machine where the remaining steps in the A2C workflow must be finished. To finish the remaining A2C tasks, the worker computer will need internet connectivity and an Amazon Web Services account (the containerize and generate deployment steps).


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Ques. 4): How does App2Container identify programmes that cannot be containerized?

Answer:

App2Container offers methods for determining whether an application can be containerized with the tool. First off, A2C only creates an inventory of the supported application types, which are Java and ASP.NET 3.5+ on Linux and Windows, respectively. A2C then flags ASP.NET and Java apps that use particular feature(s) that are not supported by A2C, such as ASP.NET applications using.NET 1.0.


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Ques. 5): After my programme has been containerized, how do I update it?

Answer:

The dockerfile generated by App2Container includes examples with comments that show how updates to particular files and dependencies can be caught as part of the build process. To learn how to deploy updates, such as configuration changes, updates to third-party packages, distributing a vendor-provided WAR/EAR update, etc., you can refer to the examples. Your enterprise CI/CD tools, such as AWS DevOps services, Jenkins, Spinnaker, and Azure DevOps, can use this changed dockerfile after replacing the comments sections with the real application artefacts.


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Ques. 6): What kinds of applications does App2Container support?

Answer:

The following application types are now supported by App2Container (A2C): 1) Windows IIS 7.5+-based ASP.NET (.NET 3.5+) web apps. These programmes are packaged by A2C in Windows containers. 2) Standalone JBoss, Apache Tomcat, and general Java applications running on Linux (Spring Boot, IBM WebSphere, Oracle WebLogic, etc.). Linux containers are packaged with Java applications by A2C.


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Ques. 7): What advantages does containerizing my current applications offer?

Answer:

The following are some advantages that are encouraging businesses of all sizes to containerize their current applications:

• Portability: You can execute applications in on-premises, cloud, and hybrid cloud architectures thanks to containers. Due to the application's mobility, users are able to customise their infrastructure environments and enjoy business advantages like vendor lock-out.

• Increased developer productivity: Containers make it simpler and faster to start writing new code. They do away with the need for intricate application and dependency setup. With containers, developers can easily build up their development environments. This gives them the ability to develop applications quickly and effectively.

• IT Infrastructure Reduction: By increasing container workload density and better utilising server compute density, compute expenses can be optimised. Additionally, it may lower the price of software licencing.

• Standardization of CI/CD: After older apps are containerized, customers may quickly create cutting-edge CI/CD workflows. Customers can standardise their CI/CD process in their company as a result, which lowers the cost of IT operations and increases the business agility of their applications.


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Ques. 8): What artefacts does App2Container produce?

Answer:

The following artefacts are produced by App2Container for each application component: 1) Application artefacts, like the configuration of DLLs, 2) Dockerfile, 3) ECR container image, 4) ECS task definitions, 5) YAML for the Kubernetes deployment, 6) a CloudFormation template, and 7) resources for AWS CodeBuild and CodeDeploy.


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Ques. 9): What are App2Container's restrictions?

Answer:

• The following ASP.NET application traits are not supported by A2C: Application uses files and registries outside of IIS web application folders, is OS dependent on Windows 2008 and 2012, and is dependent on other Windows services or processes outside of IIS.

• A2C's containerization of typical Java programmes (such as those utilising WebSphere or WebLogic) entails packing the complete file system without system and kernel files, with the exception of Tomcat and JBoss 7+ applications. The container picture may grow as a result. If you want to make the photos smaller, you might need to explicitly exclude files.

• For Tomcat and JBoss v7+ applications, A2C container image only includes files directly utilized by the application. The container image doesn’t include files related to package management and versioning. If you use A2C generated container image as base image and try to update the applications or its dependencies through a package manager, then such updates may fail.

• A2C doesn't currently support Cluster/HA mode for Java applications

 

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Ques. 10): What conditions must be met before using App2Container?

Answer:

The servers hosting your application must have the following components installed in order for App2Container to function: AWS CLI, Docker Tools, and Powershell 5.0+ for Windows-based applications are the top three. Additionally, in order for A2C to interface with AWS services, you must provide it the proper IAM rights. To learn more, consult the A2C manual. Additionally, it is advised that you containerize applications using your dev/test environment.


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Ques. 11): Can I use App2Container to containerize commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) applications?

Answer:

As long as they are built on an application stack that is supported by A2C, COTS apps can be containerized using A2C. Before beginning, confirm the terms and conditions for licencing and support with the application vendor.

 

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Ques. 12): What steps must I take to configure CI/CD for the containerized application?

Answer:

To help you set up your CI/CD workflow, A2C creates AWS CodeBuild and CodeDeploy artefacts for you. You can incorporate the artefacts offered by A2C, such as the dockerfile, ECS task definition, and EKS deployment YAML, into your current CI/CD workflows if you already use CI/CD tooling (for instance, Azure DevOps and Jenkins). To learn more, consult the A2C manual.

 

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Ques. 13): Where do I begin?

Answer:

Use the following set of instructions to containerize the application once the prerequisites have been satisfied and the App2Container utility has been installed on the application server.

• Init: Sets up the application with your AWS profile and additional pertinent parameters.

• Inventory: Lists all currently running A2C-compatible programmes. To move forward, select an application.

• Analyze: Identifies application artefacts, external dependencies, network ports, and configuration files through thorough analysis; creates a configuration file to represent the information acquired. You can modify the configuration file further (for example, exclude or include any additional files or directories).

• Creates a dockerfile and container image for the application under analysis when you containerize. You can rebuild the container and change the dockerfile produced by A2C as necessary. Before deploying the containerized application to AWS container services, you can test it locally using the docker run command.

• Create a YAML file for Kubernetes deployment and register the container image with Amazon ECR to deploy the containerized application to Amazon ECS or Amazon EKS. To provide the necessary infrastructure for deploying the containerized application, A2C develops a CloudFormation template. To enable a repeatable method of building and deploying the containerized programme, it may also generate AWS CodeBuild and CodeDeploy artefacts.


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Ques. 14): Does App2Container facilitate transferring the application's database?

Answer:

A2C does not allow external application server dependencies, such as database dependencies. Your application database can be moved to AWS using technologies like AWS Database Migration Service (DMS).

 

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Ques. 15): How can I use A2C to containerize multi-tier applications?

Answer:

You can use A2C to containerize each application tier separately for applications with several tiers. For each distinct tier, A2C generates unique containers and associated AWS deployment artefacts. Before deploying these applications, you might need to make some additional configurations.

 

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AWS Batch Interview Questions and Answers

 

Top 20 AWS Batch Interview Questions and Answers

 

        

            Developers, scientists, and engineers may perform hundreds of thousands of batch computing operations on AWS with the help of AWS Batch, a suite of batch management tools. Based on the volume and unique resource requirements of the batch jobs submitted, AWS Batch dynamically allocates the ideal number and kind of compute resources (e.g., CPU or memory optimised compute resources) to each batch job. With AWS Batch, you can concentrate on reviewing the results and resolving issues rather than installing and managing batch computing tools or server clusters. Your batch computing tasks are planned, scheduled, and carried out by AWS Batch using AWS Fargate, Amazon ECS, and Amazon EKS, with the option of deploying spot instances.

 

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Ques. 1): Can I switch between a Fargate CE and a Fargate Spot CE, or the other way around?

Answer:

Yes. Fargate CEs can be configured to have a maximum virtual CPU, which represents the combined virtual CPU usage of all active processes in that CE. If there is a queue, Batch will start scheduling jobs on the subsequent Fargate CE in the order they are attached when your vCPU count reaches the maximum vCPU for that CE. This is helpful, for instance, if you want to run a Fargate CE configured to a certain minimum business need while running the remainder of your workload on a Fargate Spot.

Batch will only spill over into Fargate when the total vCPU consumed by your jobs exceeds the maximum vCPU for that CE, even when specifying a Fargate Spot CE as first, followed by a Fargate CE. If a Fargate Spot is reclaimed, the maximum vCPU will not be reached and Batch will not request Fargate resources to run your jobs in the following CE.

It is not permitted to connect an AWS Batch task queue to a Fargate/Fargate Spot CE or an EC2 or Spot CE.

 

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Ques. 2): What distinguishing traits does AWS Batch have?

Answer:

You can effortlessly run thousands of jobs of any scale using Amazon ECS, Amazon EKS, and AWS Fargate with the choice of Spot or on-demand resources thanks to AWS Batch, which handles compute environments and job queues. Your batch jobs are only defined and added to a queue. In response, AWS Batch selects the location for the jobs to run, launching more AWS capacity as necessary. AWS Batch keeps a close eye on the development of your jobs. AWS Batch will delete capacity when it is no longer required. As you submit jobs, AWS Batch also gives you the option to submit jobs that are a part of a pipeline or workflow, allowing you to describe any interdependencies between them.

 

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Ques. 3): What is a Compute Environment?

Answer:

A group of computing resources are referred to as an AWS Batch Compute Environment and are used to run jobs. Both managed and unmanaged compute environments, which are controlled by customers, are supported by AWS Batch. Managed compute environments are those that are created and maintained by AWS. Unmanaged Compute Environments offer a way to take advantage of specialised resources like Amazon EFS, bigger storage configurations, and Dedicated Hosts.


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Ques. 4): What is Batch Computing?

Answer:

Batch computing is the automatic running of a number of programmes (referred to as "jobs") on one or more computers. By using scripts, command-line arguments, control files, or task control language, input parameters can be predefined. The sequencing and scheduling of numerous jobs is crucial since a given batch job could be dependent on the completion of earlier operations or the availability of specific inputs, making interactive processing impossible.


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Ques. 5): How is using Spot Instances made simpler by AWS Batch?

Answer:

EC2 Spot Instances may be used in AWS Batch Compute Environments. AWS Batch will handle the rest of the process for you if you state only that you want to use EC2 Spot Instances and a proportion of the On-Demand pricing that you are ready to pay when creating a Managed Compute Environment. Spot Instances that you deploy, including those launched by EC2 Spot Fleet, can also be included in unmanaged compute environments.


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Ques. 6): Can tasks that don't require accelerators be run in accelerated instances?

Answer:

With its current behaviour, Batch will try to avoid scheduling non-accelerated jobs on accelerated instances. This prevents situations when ongoing tasks use the accelerated instance without benefiting from the accelerator, raising costs. It is possible that Batch will decide that using an accelerated instance is the least expensive option for running your jobs in exceptional circumstances with Spot pricing and authorised types being accelerated instances, regardless of accelerator requirements.

If you submit a job to a CE that only permits Batch to launch instances with accelerators, Batch will execute the jobs on those instances, regardless of whether they require an accelerator.

 

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Ques. 7): What do I need to prepare to begin?

Answer:

You don't have to manually start up your own computational resources to get going. You can submit your first job by setting up your first compute environment and work queue with the help of the AWS Batch web portal. Your compute environment's resources will scale up as more jobs are prepared to run and down as there are fewer runnable jobs available.


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Ques. 8): What advantages does batch computing offer?

Answer:

  • It can move the processing of jobs to times when more or less expensive capacity is offered.
  • It prevents idle computing resources by regular physical intervention and oversight.
  • By encouraging higher utilisation of computing resources, it improves efficiency.
  • It makes it possible to prioritise tasks, matching resource allocation to corporate goals.


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Ques. 9): When should I run my jobs on EC2 instead of Fargate?

Answer:

When you want AWS Batch to handle provisioning of compute totally abstracted from EC2 infrastructure, you should run your jobs on Fargate. If you require access to certain instance configurations (specific CPUs, GPUs, or architecture), or if your workloads are really huge, you should execute your jobs on EC2.

Depending on your use case, either EC2 or Fargate could help your jobs launch more quickly. Since there is no need to wait for an EC2 instance to start up, Fargate jobs will start more quickly in the case of initial scale-out of work. However, because Batch reuses instances and container images to run future jobs, EC2 instances might be faster for heavier workloads.

 

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Ques. 10): What is the Amazon ECS Agent, and how does AWS Batch utilise it?

Answer:

Since AWS Batch leverages Amazon ECS to run containerized jobs, your AWS Batch Computing Environments' compute resources must have the ECS Agent installed. In Managed Compute Environments, the ECS Agent comes pre-installed.

 

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Ques. 11): What are the benefits of using accelerators with AWS Batch?

Answer:

Using accelerators with Batch allows you to dynamically schedule and provision jobs based on their accelerator requirements, and Batch will make sure that the right amount of accelerators are reserved for your jobs. You can concentrate on your applications because Batch will scale down and up your EC2 Accelerated Instances as necessary. Because Batch and EC2 Spot are natively integrated, you can save up to 90% on accelerated processes by employing accelerated instances.

 

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Ques. 12): How is the ECS GPU-Optimized AMI used by Batch?

Answer:

P-type instances will now always launch with the ECS GPU-optimized AMI by default. The runtimes and libraries required to execute GPU-based apps are included in this AMI. When constructing a CE, you may always use a custom AMI as needed.

 

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Ques. 13): When should I execute my jobs in ECS, EKS, and Fargate?

Answer:

When you want AWS Batch to entirely separate computing provisioning from ECS infrastructure, you should run your jobs on Fargate. If you require access to certain instance configurations (specific CPUs, GPUs, or architecture), or if your workloads are really enormous, you should execute your jobs on ECS. You may standardise your batch workloads utilising Batch integration with EKS if you've chosen Kubernetes as your container orchestration platform.

Depending on your use case, Fargate jobs will currently start more quickly in the case of initial scale-out of work because no EC2 instance or pods need to be launched. However, for larger workloads EKS or ECS may be faster as Batch reuses instances and container images to run subsequent jobs.

 

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Ques. 14): What is a Job Definition?

Answer:

The work to be done, its parameters, the environment it will operate in, the computing needs, and other details are all described in a job definition. Before submitting a job, job definitions are created and shared with others.

 

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Ques. 15): How do I send jobs to Batch that need accelerated instances?

Answer:

The Job Definition allows you to specify the number and kind of accelerators. You describe the accelerator by mentioning the type of accelerator (for example, GPU, which is the only type of accelerator currently supported), as well as how many of that type are needed for your project. On one of the instance types listed in your compute environments, your specified accelerator type must exist. Make sure you have defined a P-family instance in your Compute Environment, for instance, if your job requires 2 GPUs.

 

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Ques. 16): Why need I to utilise AWS Batch?

Answer:

Instead of setting up and managing infrastructure, you can concentrate on creating applications or conducting analysis with AWS Batch taking care of job execution and compute resource management. Consider using AWS Batch if you're planning to execute or transfer batch workloads to AWS.

 

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Ques. 17): Do accelerators work with AWS Batch?

Answer:

Yes, in addition to the present options of vCPU and memory, you can use Batch to specify the amount and type of accelerators your jobs require as job specification input variables. Based on the necessary accelerators, AWS Batch will scale up instances suitable for your jobs and isolate the accelerators in accordance with the requirements of each job so that only the proper containers can access them.

 

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Ques. 18): For what applications is AWS Batch optimised?

Answer:

AWS Batch is designed for batch processing and applications that scale by running several jobs simultaneously. Excellent examples of batch computing applications include deep learning, genomics analysis, financial risk models, Monte Carlo simulations, animation rendering, media transcoding, image processing, and engineering simulations.

 

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Ques. 19): What kinds of batch jobs can be run using AWS Batch?

Answer:

Every job that can be run inside a Docker container is supported by AWS Batch. Jobs describe how much RAM and virtual CPUs they need.

 

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Ques. 20): Can the job definition's accelerator variables be changed after the work has been submitted?

Answer:

Similar to vCPU and RAM requirements, the quantity and kind of accelerators can be changed when submitting a work.

 

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Top 20 AWS CloudShell Interview Questions and Answers

 


It is simpler to manage, examine, and interact with your AWS resources securely with the help of AWS CloudShell, a browser-based shell. Using the credentials from your console, CloudShell is already authenticated. There is no need to install or configure software on your local workstation because common development and operations tools are already installed. You may experiment with AWS service APIs using the AWS SDKs, run scripts fast with the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) using CloudShell, and use a variety of other tools to be more productive.

 

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Ques. 1): What is CloudShell capable of?

Answer:

With CloudShell, you can get started with the AWS CLI more quickly and interface with AWS services, automate activities, and manage infrastructure. Using CloudShell, you can clone script repositories that are often used, edit those scripts, and then save them for later use. You may create applications using AWS SDKs and manage your AWS resources using popular CLIs like the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) CLI and Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) CLI. Your home directory's 1 GB of persistent storage is where you may save your work for free.

 

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Ques. 2): What distinguishes the AWS Cloud9 terminal from CloudShell?

Answer:

When using a Cloud9 environment, which needs an EC2 instance in your account, AWS Cloud9 is an integrated development environment (IDE) that grants users access to a terminal. You can use the standalone, all-purpose programme CloudShell to issue commands on AWS. You are charged for the EC2 instance that powers your Cloud9 environment when using Cloud9. CloudShell is free to use; you only pay for the AWS resources required to execute scripts and commands. You are charged for data transfer at industry-standard rates in both situations.

 

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Ques. 3): How can I get into CloudShell?

Answer:

From the AWS Management Console, you may access CloudShell. A CloudShell environment is opened in a new browser tab by clicking the shell symbol in the top navigation bar. Your console credentials are used by the new browser tab.


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Ques. 4): Can I restrict access to CloudShell throughout my organisation?

Answer:

Yes, you can limit a user's ability to start CloudShell using an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy. Additionally, a CloudShell session can only be started by users that have the Administrator or PowerUser status by default. Access to CloudShell can be set up by administrators for their company. The CloudShell icon will be present if you opt to restrict this functionality, but a CloudShell session won't begin. A notification informing your users that they lack access to CloudShell will be displayed.


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Ques. 5): How can I make my CloudShell environment my own?

Answer:

By downloading configuration files from a Git repository or uploading them to your CloudShell environment, you can personalise your environment. By clicking the settings icon and choosing your preferred theme and text size, you may alter how CloudShell looks. Your choice causes an immediate update of the shell. Software that is installed somewhere else than your home directory is not persistent across sessions.


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Ques. 6): How secure is CloudShell?

Answer:

Yes, users must enter into the AWS Management Console in order to access CloudShell, and once they do, they are only given the permissions specified by their login information. You have the same rights as if you installed, set up, and used the AWS CLI on your local machine using the same login information. Administrators of accounts can restrict access to CloudShell by creating the necessary IAM policies. AWS CloudTrail keeps track of CloudShell usage data, and API requests made from the shell are annotated to show that they originated from a particular user's CloudShell session.


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Ques. 7): How long will my data be stored by CloudShell?

Answer:

Files kept in your home directory ($HOME) in CloudShell environments will be preserved for up to 120 days after the last time you started a CloudShell session. This restriction is region-specific. If you use CloudShell in more than one Region, the timer for each Region starts when the last CloudShell session for that Region was closed. The timer will be reset if you use the same IAM principal to access CloudShell in the expired Region.


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Ques. 8): What’s pre-installed in CloudShell?

Answer:

Running on Amazon Linux 2, CloudShell includes runtimes and AWS SDKs for Python and Node.js in addition to the standard AWS command line interfaces (AWS CLI, Amazon ECS CLI, and AWS SAM CLI). Additional regularly used command-line tools for editors (vi), source control (Git), package management (npm, pip), and shells (Bash, PowerShell, Zsh) are also included.


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Ques. 9): My modifications to the CloudShell environment are they permanent?

Answer:

For each AWS Region, only modifications made in your home directory will endure across CloudShell sessions. In each supported AWS Region, you are allowed to keep up to 1 GB of files in your home directory. AWS Regions' storage is not synced.

 

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Ques. 10): Can I install my own software?

Answer:

In CloudShell, you can indeed install your own programme. You won't need to reinstall software if it is fully installed within your home directory because it will persist between sessions when using CloudShell. Any extra software you install is your responsibility to maintain.


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Ques. 11): What restrictions apply to CloudShell?

Answer:

1 GB of storage for your home directory is the maximum amount that will endure over all of your CloudShell sessions, per region. Changes made outside of your home directory are not saved when your session ends because CloudShell employs a temporary compute environment that restores data from your home directory when you connect to it. Long lasting processes are not the type of workloads that CloudShell is designed for. Consider using another AWS compute service to complete a lengthy task. After a time of inactive keyboard input, CloudShell will shut down automatically. Background processes are not considered to be active and can be terminated at any time. When your console session expires, your CloudShell connection will automatically detach from all open sessions.


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Ques. 12): How much does CloudShell cost?

Answer:

CloudShell is free of additional fees. Any additional AWS resources you use using CloudShell to build and maintain your applications are your responsibility to pay for. There are no minimum payments or up-front commitments; you simply pay for what you use as you use it. Standard AWS data transfer rates are used to charge for data transport.

 

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Ques. 13): Who may give permission to use CloudShell to others?

Answer:

CloudShell's access is controlled by IAM. Access to CloudShell can be granted by any user having IAM administrator privileges. If you decide to limit this option, the CloudShell icon will be present but no CloudShell session will launch; instead, your users will see a message informing them that they lack access to CloudShell.


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Ques. 14): Can I use the browser to upload and download files?

Answer:

Yes, you can use your browser to upload files from your local computer to the home directory of your CloudShell instance. Additionally, you can download files from your CloudShell environment to your local computer that are up to 1 GB in size.

 

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Ques. 15): How many shells can I have?

Answer:

One virtual machine is supported per user, per region, via CloudShell. Per virtual computer, users can run up to 10 concurrent sessions. Users can open shells from different Regions at once. Any IAM principal, including federated roles and AWS Single Sign-On, that can be used to sign in to the AWS Management Console is referred to as a user.

 

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Ques. 16): Is it possible to add more storage to CloudShell?

Answer:

No, you are unable to directly attach more storage to CloudShell. Using CloudShell, you can create and use an S3 bucket if you need to store more data than 1 GB.

 

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Ques. 17): How is Amazon EC2 Instance Connect distinct from CloudShell?

Answer:

You can use a terminal in the browser to connect to existing EC2 instances in your account thanks to Amazon EC2 Instance Connect. There are no resources in your account that CloudShell needs. While CloudShell is most useful for running AWS CLI commands and general purpose scripting, EC2 Instance Connect is most useful for connecting to active EC2 instances over SSH.

 

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Ques. 18): Can I remove the data I own from CloudShell?

Answer:

Yes. The files that are erased from CloudShell are gone forever. Utilize a different type of storage to backup the files.

 

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Ques. 19): Can anyone use CloudShell?

Answer:

Currently, a CloudShell session can only be started by users that have the Administrator or PowerUser role. A CloudShell session cannot be started by any other users without an administrator's approval.

 

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Ques. 20): How can I stop the deletion of my CloudShell storage?

Answer:

Open CloudShell in the expiry Region after logging into the AWS Management Console. The time associated with your storage in the specified Region will be reset by doing this.

 

 

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