Showing posts with label Technical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Technical. Show all posts

November 05, 2022

Top 20 AWS Serverless Application Model(SAM) Interview Questions and Answers


            An open-source framework for creating serverless apps is the AWS Serverless Application Model (SAM). It offers a concise syntax for expressing functions, APIs, databases, and mappings of event sources. You may create and model the application you want using YAML with just a few lines per resource. You can create serverless apps more quickly since SAM extends and translates the SAM syntax into AWS CloudFormation syntax during deployment.

 

AWS(Amazon Web Services) Interview Questions and Answers

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Ques: 1). What is AWS SAM, or AWS Serverless Application Model?

Answer:

An open source framework for creating serverless apps is called AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM). It offers a concise syntax for expressing functions, APIs, databases, and mappings of event sources. You use YAML to represent the application you want and just need a few lines to declare each resource.


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Ques: 2). How do we begin developing apps based on SAM?

Answer:

Use the AWS SAM CLI to begin developing SAM-based apps. You may locally create, test, and debug apps specified by SAM templates or by using the AWS Cloud Development Kit thanks to SAM CLI's Lambda-like execution environment (CDK). You can also design secure continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) pipelines that adhere to best practises and interface with both AWS's built-in and external CI/CD systems using the SAM CLI to deploy your apps to AWS.

Under the Apache 2.0 licence, SAM and the SAM CLI are open-sourced. You may add updates and new features to SAM via GitHub, as well as SAM CLI.

 

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Ques: 3). How much does it cost to utilise AWS SAM?

Answer:

The use of AWS SAM is free of charge. The same way you would if you had created the AWS resources manually, you pay for those produced through SAM. Only what you use, as you use it, is charged. There are no minimum costs or up-front obligations.


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Ques: 4). AWS SAM is it open-source?

Answer:

Under the Apache 2.0 licence, AWS SAM and the SAM CLI are open-sourced. AWS SAM on GitHub and the AWS SAM CLI on GitHub both accept contributions for new features and improvements.


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Ques: 5). A SAM template: what is it?

Answer:

The architecture of a serverless application is represented by a SAM template file, which is a YAML configuration. You specify all of the AWS resources that are a part of your serverless application using the template. Any resource that you may declare in an AWS CloudFormation template can also be declared in an AWS SAM template since AWS SAM templates are an extension of AWS CloudFormation templates.


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Ques: 6). What is the AWS SAM CLI capable of?

Answer:

A command-line interface that facilitates the development of SAM-based apps is the AWS SAM CLI. You may deploy your serverless application to the AWS Cloud, generate a deployment package for it, and run Lambda functions locally using the AWS SAM CLI.

 

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Ques: 7). How is AWS SAM put to use?

Answer:

To express functions, APIs, databases, and event source mappings, AWS SAM offers shorthand syntax. SAM extends and translates the SAM syntax into AWS CloudFormation syntax during deployment. After that, CloudFormation assigns dependable deployment capabilities to your resources.


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Ques: 8). AWS SAM CLI: What is it?

Answer:

You may locally develop, test, and debug serverless applications specified by AWS SAM templates using the SAM Command Line Interface (CLI). SAM CLI offers a local execution environment similar to Lambda and aids in problem detection.

 

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Ques: 9). How can I begin using AWS SAM?

Answer:

Install the AWS SAM CLI, and then use the sam init command to create a pre-configured AWS SAM template with example application code to get started with SAM.


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Ques: 10). Which languages can I use with AWS SAM?

Answer:

Any runtime that is supported by AWS Lambda may be used to develop serverless apps using AWS SAM. Additionally, you may locally debug Lambda functions created in Node.js, Java, Python, and Go using the SAM CLI.

 

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Ques: 11). How can I set up the AWS SAM CLI?

Answer:

Pip may be used to install AWS SAM CLI on Linux, Mac, or Windows.

 

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Ques: 12). AWS SAM is supported by which AWS regions?

Answer:

All areas where AWS Lambda is offered also provide AWS SAM. You can consult the AWS Lambda region table that is accessible.

 

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Ques: 13). What kinds of commands can the SAM CLI execute?

Answer:

A increasing number of commands are supported by SAM CLI. The sam init command creates sample application code in the language of your choosing together with pre-configured AWS SAM templates. By running your function code locally in an execution environment similar to Lambda, the sam local command facilitates local invocation and testing of your Lambda functions and SAM-based serverless apps. The sam local command may also be used to create test payloads locally, launch a local endpoint for API testing, or automate Lambda function testing. You may combine your application code and dependencies into a "deployment package" and then deploy your serverless application to the AWS Cloud using the sam package and sam deploy commands. Finally, the sam logs command enables you to fetch, tail, and filter logs for Lambda functions.



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Top 20 AWS Message Queue(MQ) Interview Questions and Answers


                It is simple to set up and run message brokers in the cloud using Amazon MQ, a managed message broker service for Apache ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ. You have direct access to messaging APIs and standards including JMS, NMS, AMQP 1.0 and 0.9.1, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket as well as the ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ consoles. Since you don't need to change any messaging code in your apps, switching from any message broker that complies with these standards to Amazon MQ is simple.


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Ques: 1). What is handled on my behalf by Amazon MQ?

Answer:

From supplying the infrastructure capacity you require, including broker instances and storage, to installing the broker software, Amazon MQ handles the labour involved in setting up a message broker. After your broker is operational, Amazon takes care of continuing software updates, security patches, and issue finding and repair. For message durability, Amazon MQ stores messages redundantly across many Availability Zones (AZs). With active/backup brokers, in the case of a failure, Amazon MQ immediately switches to a standby instance so you can keep sending and receiving messages.


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Ques: 2). How can I start using Amazon MQ?

Answer:

Cloud message brokers are simple to set up and run thanks to Amazon MQ. With Amazon MQ, you can quickly establish a production-ready message broker using the AWS Management Console, CLI, or API calls. To connect to your current apps and begin delivering messages, you can often connect by just updating the endpoints of your Amazon MQ broker.


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Ques: 3). How do I migrate if I'm not using ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ as my message broker?

Answer:

The most popular messaging protocols and APIs, including AMQP, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket, are all compatible with Amazon MQ. These include Java Message Service (JMS),.NET Message Service (NMS), and Java Message Service (JMS). Since your applications' messaging code doesn't need to be completely rewritten, switching from any standards-based message broker to Amazon MQ is made simple. In most situations, you may start delivering messages by simply updating the endpoints of your Amazon MQ broker to connect to your current apps.


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Ques: 4). As opposed to Amazon SQS and SNS, when should I utilise Amazon MQ?

Answer:

Messaging services like Amazon MQ, Amazon SQS, and Amazon SNS are appropriate for businesses of all sizes. Consider Amazon MQ if you want to rapidly and simply migrate your messaging to the cloud while still utilising it with your current apps. You may transition from any standards-based message broker to Amazon MQ without having to completely rewrite the messaging code in your apps since it supports industry-standard APIs and protocols. You are advised to take Amazon SQS and Amazon SNS into account while developing brand-new cloud-based apps. Amazon SQS and SNS are lightweight, fully managed message queue and topic services that offer straightforward, user-friendly APIs and almost indefinite scalability. You can use Amazon SQS and SNS to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications, and improve reliability.


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Ques: 5). How can I encrypt data in Amazon MQ using my own unique keys?

Answer:

To produce and manage keys for the at-rest encryption of your data in Amazon MQ, the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) is supported by Amazon MQ. A KMS key in the Amazon MQ service account, a KMS key in your account that Amazon MQ produces and manages, or a KMS key in your account that you create and manage are the three choices from which you may choose when creating a broker to encrypt your data for Amazon MQ for ActiveMQ. A KMS key in the Amazon MQ service account is utilised for Amazon MQ for RabbitMQ. In addition to encryption at rest, all data transferred between Amazon MQ and client applications is securely transmitted using TLS/SSL.


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Ques: 6). Which kinds of storage are offered by Amazon MQ for ActiveMQ?

Answer:

Amazon MQ for ActiveMQ offers two broker storage options: Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) for durability optimization and Amazon Elastic Block Store for performance optimization (EBS). Use Amazon EFS-backed durability-optimized brokers to benefit from excellent durability and replication across different Availability Zones. Use EBS-backed throughput optimised brokers to benefit from high throughput for your big volume applications. High-volume applications utilising Amazon MQ require fewer brokers and cost less to operate thanks to throughput-optimized message brokers.


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Ques: 7). An Amazon MQ network of brokers is what?

Answer:

The "network of brokers" function from Apache ActiveMQ is used by Amazon MQ for ActiveMQ. Multiple brokers joined together form a network of brokers. Network brokers exchange data on the customers and destinations that each broker hosts. These details are used by the brokers to move messages throughout the network. The brokers in an Amazon MQ network can either be single-instance brokers or active-standby brokers (each active broker in the network includes a standby node with shared storage that will take over in the event of an active node failure) (if the node fails, it will be unavailable until it is restarted). Each network broker has a distinct message store that is replicated across many AZs in a region. A single broker is always in charge of storing communications since nodes in the network pass messages to one another.

If you need horizontal scaling or high availability with quick reconnections in the event of broker failure, you should employ a network of brokers.


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Ques: 8). Who need to utilise Amazon MQ?

Answer:

For enterprise IT professionals, developers, and architects who are currently in charge of operating a message broker on-premises or in the cloud and wish to switch to a fully managed cloud service without having to rewrite the messaging code in their applications, Amazon MQ is a good option.


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Ques: 9). Does Amazon MQ adhere to regulations?

Answer:

Yes. Amazon MQ complies with PCI, SOC, and ISO requirements and is HIPAA-eligible.

You may use Amazon MQ to store and transport communications across healthcare systems, including messages containing protected health information, because it is HIPAA qualified (PHI). Because Amazon MQ complies with PCI DSS, you can process, store, or send payment information with it. Also accredited to ISO 9001, 27001, 27017, and 27018 standards are Amazon MQ. The protection of personally identifiable information and management of quality and information security in the cloud are attested to by some of the most well-known certifications in the world. Amazon MQ is SOC 1, 2, and 3 compliant, allowing you to get deep insight into the security processes and controls that protect customer data.


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Ques: 10). How do I keep track of the queues, topics, and broker instances?

Answer:

You can observe and analyse metrics for your broker instances, as well as your queues and topics, thanks to the integration between Amazon MQ and Amazon CloudWatch. Metrics may be viewed and analysed using the CloudWatch dashboard, the command line, the Amazon MQ console, or programmatically. Every minute, metrics are automatically gathered and published to CloudWatch.


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Ques: 11). When would I choose to manage ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ on Amazon EC2 myself vs using Amazon MQ?

Answer:

A managed message broker service is offered by Amazon MQ that handles all aspects of running your message broker, including installation, configuration, upkeep, and provisioning of the underlying infrastructure for high availability and durability. When you wish to offload operational overhead and related costs, you might want to think using Amazon MQ. Consider building and operating your message broker on Amazon EC2 directly if you want more power to tweak features and setups or to utilise unique plugins.


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Ques: 12). When should I use AWS IoT Message Broker instead of Amazon MQ?

Answer:

When using an open source messaging programme like ActiveMQ or other commercial message brokers, you may utilise Amazon MQ to offload operational overhead and related costs. When switching from for-profit brokers or open source brokers like ActiveMQ, you may utilise Amazon MQ to lower broker maintenance expenses, increase broker stability, and save on licence fees. In scenarios when you're creating new cloud-based applications employing microservices and need low latency, high availability, and message durability, Amazon MQ is also appropriate for application integration use cases. Industry-standard APIs like JMS and NMS as well as message protocols including AMQP, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket are supported by Amazon MQ.

When your use case involves IoT device telemetry, device management, device security, and IoT analysis, you can utilise AWS IoT Message Broker. For IoT sector clients connecting sizable device fleets and gathering telemetry data to transfer to native AWS services, the AWS IoT Message Broker is ideal. Industry-standard lightweight protocols including MQTT, HTTP, and MQTT over WebSocket are supported by AWS IoT Message Broker.

 

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Ques: 13). How do the various AWS services interact with Amazon MQ?

Answer:

Amazon MQ may be used by any application that utilises an AWS computing service, such as Amazon EC2, Amazon ECS, or AWS Lambda. Additionally connected to the following AWS services are Amazon MQ:

  • Monitoring metrics and generating alarms using Amazon CloudWatch
  • Publish logs from your Amazon MQ brokers to Amazon CloudWatch Logs using Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
  • AWS CloudTrail allows users to record, continuously track, and save Amazon MQ API calls.
  • Automate the process of constructing, updating, and deleting message brokers using AWS CloudFormation.
  • Service API authentication and authorisation using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
  • Create and manage the keys required to encrypt your data using the AWS Key Management Service (KMS).


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Ques: 14). : Is there a service level agreement for Amazon MQ?

Answer:

Yes. During any monthly billing cycle, AWS shall make commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that Active/Standby ActiveMQ Brokers and RabbitMQ Clusters are available with a Monthly Uptime Percentage of at least 99.9%. (the "Service Commitment"). You may be entitled to a Service Credit if Amazon MQ fails to achieve the Monthly Uptime Percentage guarantee.

 

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Ques: 15). How is Amazon MQ billed to me?

Answer:

You just pay for what you use while using Amazon MQ. Standard data transport fees as well as fees for the use of the broker instance and storage are assessed. Our free tier for a year makes it simple to start with Amazon MQ.

 

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Ques: 16). What RabbitMQ plugins are offered for Amazon MQ?

Answer:

The management, shovel, federation, and consistent hash exchange plugins are all included in Amazon MQ for RabbitMQ.



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November 04, 2022

Top 20 AWS STEP Functions Interview Questions and Answers

 

                        AWS Step Functions is a fully managed solution that makes it simple to use visual workflows to coordinate the parts of distributed applications and microservices. You can expand apps simply and update programmes rapidly by creating applications from separate, distinct components. Step Functions is a dependable method for organising parts and iterating over the application's functions. Step Functions provide a graphical interface for organising and visualising your application's parts as a flow of steps.

 

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Ques: 1). AWS Step Functions: How Do They Work?

Answer:

You may create state machines that outline your process as a collection of stages, their connections, and their inputs and outputs using AWS Step Functions. Each of the states that make up a state machine corresponds to a distinct phase in a workflow diagram. States are capable of carrying out tasks, making decisions, passing arguments, starting parallel execution, controlling timeouts, and ending your workflow with a success or failure. Designing multi-step applications is simple because to the visual console's automated graphing of each stage in the sequence of execution. The console displays each step's current state and offers a thorough history of each execution.


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Ques: 2). What is AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

AWS Step Functions is a fully managed solution that makes it simple to use visual workflows to coordinate the parts of distributed applications and microservices. You can expand apps simply and update programmes rapidly by creating applications from separate, distinct components. Step Functions is a dependable method for organising parts and iterating over the application's functions. Step Functions provide a graphical interface for organising and visualising your application's parts as a flow of steps. This makes creating and running multi-step apps straightforward. Step Functions automatically initiates, records, and retries each step so that your programme runs in the correct order and according to plan. Step Functions records each step's status so that when something goes wrong, you can immediately identify and fix the issue. You can simply grow your application and innovate more quickly since you can add and alter phases without ever writing code.


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Ques: 3). What dialect is AWS Step Functions written in?

Answer:

The declarative Amazon States Language is used to specify the state machines used by AWS Step Functions in JSON. Any programming language that supports web service API communication with AWS Step Functions may be used to construct an activity worker. You can utilise an AWS SDK in the language of your choice for convenience. Code written in Node.js (JavaScript), Python, Golang (Go), and C# is supported by AWS Lambda (using the .NET Core runtime and other languages).


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Ques: 4). When should I utilise Amazon SQS instead of AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

When you need to coordinate service components in the creation of highly scalable and auditable systems, you should take AWS Step Functions into consideration. When you want a dependable, highly scalable, hosted queue for transmitting, storing, and receiving messages across services, you have to think about employing Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS). All tasks and events in an application are recorded by Step Functions. If your application uses several queues, Amazon SQS requires you to build your own application-level tracking. You may search for executions, dig down into an execution's details, and manage executions using the Step Functions Console and visibility APIs, which offer an application-centric perspective. Implementing such additional capability is necessary for Amazon SQS. Step Functions has a number of features that make it easier to design applications, such the ability to communicate information between jobs and flexible task distribution. You must build certain application-level functions in order to use Amazon SQS. While you may create simple processes to synchronise your distributed application using Amazon SQS, Step Functions also provides further application-level features.


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Ques: 5). How do Amazon API Gateway and AWS Step Functions interact?

Answer:

Your Step Functions APIs may be linked to Amazon API Gateway so that, whenever an HTTPS request is made to one of your defined API methods, your state machines are invoked. You may add human activity tasks into the phases of your application, such as permission requests and answers, by using an Amazon API Gateway API to launch Step Functions state machines that coordinate the elements of a distributed backend application. To the APIs of the services your application utilises, you may also perform serverless asynchronous calls.


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Ques: 6). Can I use the resources inside my Amazon VPC to access Step Functions without using the internet?

Answer:

AWS PrivateLink-enabled VPC Endpoints (VPCE) are likewise supported by Step Functions. Without using the open internet, AWS Lambda functions and other AWS services that support VPC can access Step Functions.


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Ques: 7). How are other AWS services connected and coordinated using AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

More than 200 AWS services may be connected to and coordinated by workflows that you design using AWS Step Functions. You can, for instance:

  • Use a Lambda function provided by AWS.
  • Execute an AWS Fargate or Amazon Elastic Container Service job.
  • A new item may be added to a DynamoDB table or an old item can be retrieved from one.
  • Send an AWS Batch job, then wait for it to finish
  • Post a message to a subject on Amazon SNS.
  • A message was sent to an Amazon SQS queue.
  • start a run of the AWS Glue task
  • To train a machine learning model or batch convert a data set, create an Amazon SageMaker task.
  • You can also create tasks in your state machines that run applications.


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Ques: 8). What are the advantages of utilising orchestration while creating my application?

Answer:

By dividing an application into service components (or stages), it can be made sure that each component scales independently, that it can be changed without needing a whole system redeployment after each change, and that the failure of one component won't bring down the entire system. Coordination of service components entails controlling concurrency, scheduling, and execution dependencies in line with the application's logical flow. Developers may utilise service orchestration in such an application to do this and deal with errors.


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Ques: 9). Some of the characteristics of Standard Workflows and some of Express Workflows are present in my process. What is the greatest way to combine the two?

Answer:

The following two workflow types are composable: Standard Workflows can execute Express Workflows as a subworkflow. From the perspective of the parent orchestration workflow, the Express Workflow is started from a Task state and either succeeds or fails as a whole. It is subject to the task's parent's retry policy. As long as none of the workflows go above the parent's time cap, you may also invoke Express Workflows from within an Express Workflow. You might choose to factor your workflows this way if your use case has a combination of long-running or exactly-once, and short-lived high-rate steps.


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Ques: 10). What are some typical use cases for AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

Any computational issue or business procedure that can be broken into a number of steps is helped by AWS Step Functions. It may also be used to build end-to-end workflows for managing interdependent activities. Typical use cases comprise:

Refine and reduce massive data sets into usable forms, or manage multi-step analytics and machine learning workflows to combine data from several databases into unified outputs.

DevOps and IT automation: develop instruments for continuous integration and deployment, or develop event-driven programmes that instantly react to infrastructure changes.

Automate essential company activities with e-commerce, such order fulfilment and inventory management.

Implement strong user registration procedures and sign-on authentication in web applications.


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Ques: 11). How do AWS Step Functions log and monitor activity?

Answer:

For application monitoring, AWS Step Functions deliver metrics to AWS CloudTrail and Amazon CloudWatch. AWS Step Functions are monitored by Amazon CloudWatch, which also tracks metrics, sets alarms, and responds immediately to changes. All Step Functions API calls, both those made through the Step Functions interface and through code calls to the Step Functions APIs, are recorded as events by AWS CloudTrail. For each linked service in your workflow, Step Functions offers managed rules for Amazon CloudWatch Events and can establish and administer CloudWatch Events rules in your AWS account as necessary.


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Ques: 12). What compliance requirements are covered by Step Functions?

Answer:

HIPAA, FedRAMP, SOC, GDPR, and other widely used compliance requirements are all met using AWS Step Functions.

 

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Ques: 13). How are my resources connected via AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

Any AWS service may be orchestrated using Service Integrations, and any self-managed application component can be orchestrated using Activity Tasks.

You may build calls to AWS Services and include the answer into your process using service integrations. You may easily call one of the more than 9,000 AWS API Actions from more than 200 services using AWS-SDK Service Integrations. With features like IAM policy creation and the RunAJob pattern, which will automatically wait for the completion of asynchronous processes, Optimized Service Integrations further ease usage of popular services like Lambda, ECS, Glue, or EMR.

Activity Tasks make it possible to integrate with activity works that you run anywhere you choose, whether on an on-premises server, in Amazon EC2, Amazon ECS, on a mobile device, or in Amazon EC2. The activity worker checks Step Functions periodically for work, accepts any inputs from Step Functions, runs your code to complete the task, and then provides the results. Since activity workers solicit labour, using workers that are set up behind a firewall is simple.

Service Integrations and Activity Tasks may both be combined in an AWS Step Functions state machine. Applications using AWS Step Functions can also integrate cloud-based service tasks with activity workers operating in a data centre. Both the data centre employees and any cloud-based service duties carry on as usual.


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Ques: 14). What happens if my Express Workflow fails because the number of retries has run out or there was an uncontrolled exception?

Answer:

Express Workflows automatically record all outcomes, including workflow input, output, and finished phases, to CloudWatch Logs. You may opt to log input and output or merely record errors at various degrees of logging. Workflows that have an unmanaged exception or have run out of retries should be restarted from the beginning.

 

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