Showing posts with label Lightsail. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Lightsail. Show all posts

March 25, 2023

Top 20 AWS CodeCommit Interview Questions and Answers



    AWS CodeCommit is a managed source control solution that is safe, scalable, and makes it simpler for teams to work together on code. You no longer have to manage your own source control system or be concerned about scaling its infrastructure thanks to AWS CodeCommit. AWS CodeCommit integrates smoothly with your current Git tools and may be used to save anything from code to binary files.


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Ques. 1): Amazon CodeCommit should be used by who?

Answer:

Software developers who require a safe, dependable, and scalable source control solution to save and version their code can benefit from AWS CodeCommit. Additionally, anyone searching for a user-friendly, fully managed, version-controlled data repository can use AWS CodeCommit. IT managers, for instance, can store their scripts and setups using AWS CodeCommit. AWS CodeCommit can be used by web designers to store HTML pages and photos.


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Ques. 2): How do I make changes to the files in my repository?

Answer:

Either use Git to interact with the repository, or edit your files directly from the CodeCommit shell. To create a local copy of the AWS CodeCommit repository, for instance, use the git clone command in Git. When you're ready to save the modifications, make changes to the local files and then use the git commit command. To upload the modifications to the AWS CodeCommit repository, use the git push command.


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Ques. 3): Describe Git.

Answer:

Git is a distributed version management system that is open-source. You can use the Git command line interface (CLI) or any of the available Git clients to interact with AWS CodeCommit repositories.


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Ques. 4): How do I make a repository backup?

Answer:

You can utilise a local copy of the repository that you created by performing a complete git clone to restore data. There are numerous ways to create additional backups. Installing Git on your backup server and running a scheduled task that use the git clone command to routinely take snapshots of your repository are two options. If you simply want to transfer the incremental changes, you can use git pull rather than git clone. Keep in mind that depending on how you configure the backup server and the polling frequency, these activities could result in extra user and/or request charges.


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Ques. 5): Can I manage access to AWS CodeCommit using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)?

Answer:

Yes. Resource-level permissions are supported by AWS CodeCommit. You can choose which users are allowed to carry out certain tasks for each AWS CodeCommit repository. For a CodeCommit action, you can also provide AWS multi-factor authentication (MFA). This enables you to provide an additional layer of defence against damaging operations like removing repositories. You can define git pull and git push as actions to control access from Git clients in addition to the AWS CodeCommit APIs. By giving a user access to git pull but not git push, you can, for instance, create a read-only user for a repository.


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Ques. 6): What is the price of AWS CodeCommit?

Answer:

Each active user for AWS CodeCommit costs $1 per month. Your account is given an extra 10 GB of storage per month and 2,000 Git requests for that month for each active user. Storage and Git request allotments that have not been used do not roll over to subsequent months. Additional usage will be charged at $0.06 per GB-month and $0.001 each Git request if you need to provide your users with more storage or Git requests. Users are allowed to store an unlimited number of Git repositories. Every month, your usage is totaled across all locations, and the results are automatically applied to your bill.


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Ques. 7): What types of Git requests are counted towards the monthly budget?

Answer:

Any push or pull that sends repository objects is a "Git request." If there is no object transfer as a result of the local and remote branches being current, the request does not count towards your Git request allowance.


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Ques. 8): What distinguishes AWS CodeCommit from other source control solutions based on Git?

Answer:

AWS CodeCommit provides several capabilities that other Git source control systems do not, including:

AWS CodeCommit's fully managed service removes the need for you to host, manage, back up, and scale your own source control servers.

Amazon CodeCommit automatically encrypts your files while they are in transit and at rest for your security. Because Amazon CodeCommit and AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) are connected, you may provide your repositories user-specific rights.

Strong Scalability, Redundancy, and Durability — AWS CodeCommit is built on AWS services that are strong scalability, redundant, and durable, like Amazon S3 and Amazon DynamoDB.

Scalable - There are no repository size restrictions with AWS CodeCommit, allowing you to save an unlimited amount of files.

Faster Development Lifecycle - AWS CodeCommit keeps your repositories close to your build, staging, and production environments in the AWS cloud. This allows you to increase the speed and frequency of your development lifecycle.


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Ques. 9): How can I get back an AWS CodeCommit repository that was deleted?

Answer:

An Amazon CodeCommit repository deletion is an irreversible harmful one-way operation. You must create the repository from scratch and upload the data using a backup or a local copy made from a full clone in order to restore a deleted repository. We advise utilising IAM policies in conjunction with MFA protection to limit the people who have access to deleting repositories.


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Ques. 10): With AWS CodeCommit, how can I establish webhooks?

Answer:

You can establish an SNS topic in the Amazon SNS console with the desired URL for the webhook and an HTTP endpoint. Then, using triggers, you can link that SNS topic to a repository event via the Amazon CodeCommit console. Customers can also set up notifications to go to their Slack channels or Amazon Chime chat rooms when utilising the AWS Chatbot.


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Ques. 11): Can I allow other accounts to access my repository?

Answer:

Yes. To grant IAM users in other Amazon accounts access to a repository, you can create an IAM role in your AWS account. Assuming the role while issuing commands, the IAM users can then configure their Amazon CLI to use AWS Security Token Service (STS).


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Ques. 12): How does a versioned S3 bucket compare to AWS CodeCommit?

Answer:

Software development teams can collaborate with AWS CodeCommit. It enables parallel branching, version differencing ("diffing"), and manages batches of changes across several files. Comparatively, Amazon S3 versioning allows for the recovery of previous iterations of a single file, but it lacks functionality for tracking batch changes across numerous files or for other aspects of collaborative software development.


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Ques. 13): I need this information for security analysis and operational troubleshooting. Can I acquire a history of AWS CodeCommit Git operations and API calls done in my account?

Answer:

Yes. On the AWS CloudTrail console, you may review recent CodeCommit activities, such as Git operations and API calls. You can make a trail and log events in an Amazon S3 bucket to keep a running log of events.


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Ques. 14): What does AWS CodeCommit's notion of an active user mean?

Answer:

Any distinct Amazon identity (IAM user/role, federated user, or root account) that has accessed AWS CodeCommit repositories through Git requests or the AWS Management Console throughout the month is considered to be an active user. An active user is a server that connects to CodeCommit using a distinct Amazon identity.


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Ques. 15): What protocols for communication does AWS CodeCommit support?

Answer:

You can communicate with AWS CodeCommit using either the HTTPS or SSH protocols, or perhaps both. Install the AWS CLI first before using HTTPS. A Git credential helper that can be customised with AWS credentials is installed by the AWS CLI. All HTTPS requests to AWS CodeCommit are automatically signed using the Signature Version 4 signing protocol. Users generate their own public-private key pairs and include their public keys with their IAM users in order to use SSH. The communication with AWS CodeCommit is encrypted using the private key.


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Ques. 16): Just how do I set up a repository?

Answer:

The Amazon Management Console, the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), the AWS SDKs, or the AWS CodeCommit APIs can all be used to build repositories.


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Ques. 17): How can I use AWS CodeCommit to encrypt my repository?

Answer:

At rest, repositories are always automatically encrypted. No consumer action is necessary. Repositories are encrypted by AWS CodeCommit using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). An Amazon-managed CodeCommit key is created under your AWS account when you create your first repository.


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Ques. 18): What steps must I take to import my current repository into AWS CodeCommit?

Answer:

Any existing Git repository can be imported into AWS CodeCommit using Git. You can use a Git importer to convert other repositories, such Subversion and Perforce, to Git first.


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Ques. 19): What ports in my firewall should I open to access AWS CodeCommit?

Answer:

You must enable port 22 (SSH) or port 443 for outbound access to an Amazon CodeCommit service endpoint (HTTPS).


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Ques. 20): What Git operations does AWS CodeCommit currently support?

Answer:

Currently, the commands clone, pull, push, and fetch are supported by AWS CodeCommit.


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November 25, 2022

Top 20 AWS Neptune Interview Questions and Answers

 

 

            It is simple to create and run applications that work with densely connected datasets thanks to Amazon Neptune, a quick, dependable, and fully-managed graph database service. Highly connected data requires complicated SQL queries that are challenging to optimise for performance. Instead, you may utilise open and well-known graph query languages with Amazon Neptune to run effective queries that are simple to develop and perform well on connected data.

 

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Ques. 1): What do you know about Amazon Neptune?

The time-consuming processes like provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, failure detection, and repair are handled by Amazon Neptune, which is fully managed. For each instance of the Amazon Neptune database you use, you just pay a monthly fee. Both up-front fees and long-term commitments are not necessary.

The heart of Neptune is a purpose-built, high-performance graph database engine designed for millisecond-latency graph queries and storing billions of relationships. Neptune can be used for graph use cases like drug discovery, knowledge graphs, fraud detection, recommendation engines, and network security.

 

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Ques. 2): Is a relational database the foundation of Amazon Neptune?

Contrary to popular belief, Amazon Neptune is a high-performance graph database engine. Neptune offers a scale-up, in-memory optimised architecture to provide quick query evaluation over massive graphs and effectively stores and navigates graph data.

 

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Ques. 3): In Amazon Neptune, what are IOs and how are they calculated?

To cut expenses and make sure resources are available for serving read/write traffic, Amazon Neptune was built to do away with pointless IO activities. Only when pushing transaction log records to the storage layer in order to make writes persistent, write IOs are used. 4KB units are used to measure write IOs. One IO operation, for illustration, would be the 1024-byte transaction log record. However, in order to reduce I/O consumption, the Amazon Neptune database engine can batch together concurrent write operations whose transaction log is less than 4KB. Amazon Neptune doesn't push updated database pages to the storage layer like traditional database engines do, which reduces IO usage even further.


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Ques. 4): How can the computational resources connected to my Amazon Neptune DB Instance be scaled?

By selecting the desired DB Instance and clicking the Modify button in the AWS Management Console, you can scale the compute resources allotted to your DB Instance. You can alter memory and CPU resources by altering the class of your DB Instance.

Your desired changes will be implemented whenever you make changes to the DB Instance class during the designated maintenance window. As an alternative, you can apply your scaling requests right away by using the "Apply Immediately" parameter. For a few minutes while the scaling procedure is being carried out, each of these alternatives will have an influence on availability. Remember that this update will be applied along with any other pending system changes.


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Ques. 5): What happens if I destroy my DB Instance to my automatic backups and database snapshots?

When you delete your DB Instance, you have the option of creating a last DB Snapshot. If so, you can later on use this DB Snapshot to recover the destroyed DB Instance. After the DB Instance is removed, Amazon Neptune keeps this last manually made DB Snapshot in addition to all other manually created DB Snapshots. After deleting the DB Instance, only DB Snapshots are maintained (i.e., automated backups created for point-in-time restore are not kept).


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Ques. 6): How is the fault tolerance of my database to disc failures improved by Amazon Neptune?

Your database volume is automatically divided into 10GB parts and distributed over several discs by Amazon Neptune. Your database volume is replicated six times, over three availability zones, for each 10GB piece. Without compromising database write availability or read availability, Amazon Neptune is built to transparently withstand the loss of up to two copies of data at once. Additionally self-healing is Amazon Neptune storage. Disks and data blocks are automatically checked for faults on a constant basis.

 

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Ques. 7): How can the availability of a single Amazon Neptune database be improved?

Amazon Neptune Replicas are an option. The primary instance and Amazon Neptune Replicas share the same underlying storage. To increase fault tolerance in the event of a primary DB Instance failure, any Amazon Neptune Replica can be promoted to become primary without causing any data loss. Simply add 1 to 15 replicas to your database to boost availability, and Amazon Neptune will automatically choose them for failover main selection in the event of a database failure.


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Ques. 8): How long does failover take? What happens during failover?

Amazon Neptune handles failover automatically so that your applications can resume database operations as soon as feasible without needing to call in a manual administrator.

When failing over, Amazon Neptune flips the canonical name record (CNAME) for your database's primary endpoint to a healthy replica, which is then promoted to become the new primary, if you have an Amazon Neptune Replica in the same or a different Availability Zone. Failover normally takes 30 seconds to complete from beginning to end. Additionally, during failover, the read replicas endpoint doesn't need any CNAME modifications.

Neptune will first try to establish a new DB Instance in the same Availability Zone as the original instance if you don't already have one (i.e., a single instance). Neptune will try to build a new DB Instance in a different Availability Zone if it is unable to do so. Failover normally takes less than 15 minutes to execute from beginning to end.


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Ques. 9): Is it possible to encrypt my data both in transit and at rest using Amazon Neptune?

You may use AWS Key Management Service keys to encrypt your databases with Amazon Neptune, which also supports HTTPS encrypted client connections (KMS). Data saved at rest in the underlying storage is encrypted on a database instance operating with Amazon Neptune encryption, as are its automated backups, snapshots, and replicas in the same cluster. The processes of encryption and decryption run smoothly.

 

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Ques. 10): Can I use RDF/SPARQL and Apache TinkerPop Gremlin on the same Neptune instance?

Yes, each Neptune instance offers both a SPARQL 1.1 Protocol REST endpoint and a Gremlin Websocket Server. Since the data is divided between the stacks, neither Gremlin nor RDF traversals are possible. This is meant to provide you the opportunity to try them out and evaluate which one works best for your application. Due to the shared nature of the resources on a single instance in production, Amazon advises clients to limit their access to an instance to either Gremlin or SPARQL.

 

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Ques. 11): Why is Amazon Neptune required to use Amazon RDS resources and permissions?

An efficient, high-performance graph database engine is called Amazon Neptune. Neptune makes use of operational technology that is shared with Amazon RDS for a few administration functions, including instance lifecycle management, encryption-at-rest with Amazon Key Management Service (KMS) keys, and security groups management.

 

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Ques. 12): What would be my recovery strategy if my database crashed?

In addition to automatically attempting to recover your database in a sound Availability Zone with no data loss, Amazon Neptune keeps 6 copies of your data across 3 Availability Zones. In the odd event that your data is not available in Amazon Neptune storage, you can perform a point-in-time restoration operation to a new instance or restore from a DB snapshot. It should be noted that a point-in-time restoration operation's latest restorable time can be up to 5 minutes in the past.

 

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Ques. 13): My photos can I share with another AWS account?

Yes. You can take database snapshots with Neptune that you can subsequently utilise to restore a database from. AWS accounts can be shared, and the owner of the receiving account can utilise the shared snapshot to restore a database that contains your data. Anybody can restore a database containing your (public) data if you decide to make your snapshots public. This functionality allows you to securely store backups of all your data in a second account in case your primary AWS account is ever compromised, communicate data between your multiple environments (production, dev/test, staging, etc.) that each have their own AWS accounts, and more.

 

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Ques. 14): How does Amazon Neptune speed up database recovery time?

Unlike other databases, Amazon Neptune does not need to replay the redo log from the most recent database checkpoint, which generally takes place after 5 minutes, to ensure that all changes have been made before rendering the database usable for operations following a database crash. In most cases, this cuts down database restart times to under 60 seconds. When the database process is restarted, Amazon Neptune removes the buffer cache and makes it immediately accessible. This saves you from having to restrict access while the cache is being refilled in order to prevent brownouts.

 

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Ques. 15): Is it possible to choose some replicas as failover targets before others?

Yes. Each instance in your cluster might have a different promotion priority tier assigned to it. Amazon Neptune will upgrade the replica with the highest priority to the primary instance if the primary instance fails. The replica that is the same size as the primary instance will be promoted if there is a tie between two or more replicas in the same priority tier.

 

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Ques. 16): What happens if a failover occurs while I have a primary database and an Amazon Neptune Replica actively handling read traffic?

If there is an issue with your primary instance, Amazon Neptune will immediately identify it and start redirecting your read/write traffic to an Amazon Neptune Replica. This failover will typically be finished in 30 seconds. Your Amazon Neptune Replicas' read traffic will also experience a brief interruption.

 

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Ques. 17): Which well-known query languages for graphs does Amazon Neptune support?

Both the W3C standard Resource Description Framework (RDF) SPARQL query language and the open source Apache TinkerPop Gremlin graph traversal language are supported by Amazon Neptune.

 

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Ques. 18): How can I switch from an Amazon Neptune triple store with a SPARQL endpoint?

An HTTP REST endpoint that uses the SPARQL 1.1 Protocol is made available by Amazon Neptune. You can set up your application to point to the SPARQL endpoint after creating a service instance. See also SPARQL Access to the Graph.

 

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Ques. 19): What is an Amazon Neptune database's minimum and maximum storage capacity?

Storage must be at least 10GB. Your Amazon Neptune storage will automatically increase, up to 64 TB, in 10GB increments based on your database usage, without affecting database performance. Provisioning storage in advance is not necessary.

 

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Ques. 20): Is it possible for me to stop some copies from becoming the primary instance?

Replicas that you don't want promoted to the primary instance might be given lower priority tiers. However, Amazon Neptune will advance the lower priority replica if the cluster's higher priority replicas are ill or unavailable for some other reason.

 


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