Ques. 1): What do you mean by AWS
Cloud?
Answer:
AWS provides cloud computing and APIs
to businesses and consumers all around the world. AWS provides enterprises and
individuals with a variety of services, including processing power, database
services, content distribution, and more. On a metered basis, organizations
must pay for the AWS services they consume.
With the help of AWS tools and
services, a company can create a distributed computing environment. Many
organizations, corporations, and people in India use Amazon Web Services (AWS),
which was founded in 2002 for web services and 2006 for cloud computing. It is
also used by some Indian government agencies.
There are numerous cloud computing
platforms available. However, AWS stands out from the competition due to its
versatility and cost-effective cloud computing options. AWS currently offers
over 200 services and solutions in domains such as IoT (Internet of Things),
mobile development, data analytics, networking, and more.
Because AWS provides developer APIs for
many of its services, they are not directly available to end consumers. The AWS
web services are also commonly utilized for business purposes over HTTP.
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Ques. 2): What are the different pricing models for Amazon EC2 instances?
Answer:
This is a crucial AWS interview
question for experienced candidates. Continue reading to learn about additional
AWS interview questions and answers for experienced/senior positions.
The following are the four different pricing models for Amazon EC2 instances:
On-demand pricing, also known as
pay-as-you-go, allows you to pay just for the resources you've utilised thus
far. Depending on the instances, you will have to pay for the resources
utilised by the second/hour. If the work hours are short and unpredictable, the
on-demand pricing model is ideal because it does not involve any upfront
payment.
Reserved instance — If you have a
requirement for your upcoming requirements, this is the best approach to use.
Firms calculate their future EC2 needs and pay in advance to receive a discount
of up to 75%. Reserved instances will save you computational resources and can
be used anywhere you need it.
Spot Instance - If more computing
capacity is required immediately, spot instances can be purchased at a discount
of up to 90%. The spot instance pricing approach is used to sell underutilized
computing resources at a substantially discounted rate.
Dedicated hosts - Customers who choose
the dedicated hosts price model can reserve an actual EC2 server.
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Ques. 3): Your company has made the
decision to move its business processes to the cloud. They do, however, want
some of their data and information to be accessible solely by the management
team. The remaining resources will be split among the firm's personnel. You
must recommend an appropriate cloud architecture for your company, as well as
the explanation for your selection.
Answer:
This is one of the most important AWS
interview questions. AWS interview questions focused on scenarios emphasize the
candidate's experimental expertise and industrial attitude.
For my company, I will recommend a
hybrid cloud design. The ideal blend of private and public clouds is found in
hybrid cloud architecture. In my firm, the public cloud can be used in a hybrid
design for shared resources. Only a private cloud can be used to exchange
confidential resources with the management team.
By using a hybrid cloud architecture in
our company, we may benefit from both private and public cloud services. A hybrid
cloud allows data to be accessed at different levels within an
organization/firm, depending on the data security requirements. It will help
our company save money in the long term.
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Answers
AWS Cloud Security Interview
Questions and Answers
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Answers
Ques. 4): Explain RTO and RPO in terms
of AWS.
Answer:
The maximum waiting time for resuming
of AWS services/operations during an outage/disaster is referred to as RTO
(Recovery Time Objective). Firms must wait for the recovery process due to
unanticipated failure, and the RTO is the maximum waiting time for an
organization. When a company first starts utilizing AWS, they must define their
RTO, which is also known as a metric. It specifies how long businesses can wait
for apps and business processes to recover on AWS in the event of a disaster.
As part of their BIA, businesses compute their RTO (Business Impact Analysis).
RPO (Recovery Point Objective) is a
business statistic that is calculated as part of a business's BIA, just like
RTO. RPO is the maximum quantity of data a company can afford to lose in the
event of a disaster. Within the recuperation period, it is measured in a
certain time range. The frequency of data backup in a firm/organization is also
defined as RPO. If a company uses AWS services and its RPO is three hours, all
of its data and disc volumes will be backed up every three hours.
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Ques. 5): What are S3 storage classes, and how can you differentiate between
the many sorts of S3 storage classes?
Answer:
For data integrity and to help with concurrent data loss, Simple Storage Service (S3) storage classes are used. Any item you store in S3 will be assigned to a specific storage class. It also assists in the maintenance of the object lifecycle, which aids in automatic migration and so saves money. The following are the four types of S3 storage classes:
S3 Standard — The S3 standard storage
class duplicates and stores data across several devices in diverse facilities.
The S3 standard can cope with the loss of up to two facilities at the same
time. It delivers greater endurance and availability due to its low latency and
high throughput.
S3 Standard IA – 'S3 Standard
Infrequently Accessed' is utilized in situations where data is not accessible
often but must be accessed quickly when needed. It, like S3 Standard, can
withstand data loss at a maximum of two sites at the same time.
S3 One Zone Infrequent Access - Many of
the features are comparable to those of S3 Standard IA. The main distinction
between S3 one zone infrequent access and the rest of the storage classes is
that S3 one zone infrequent access has a low availability of 99.5 percent. S3
standard and standard IA are both 99.99 percent available.
S3 Glacier - When compared to other
storage classes, S3 Glacier is the least expensive. The data in the S3 glacier
can only be used for archiving purposes.
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AWS Elastic Block Store (EBS)
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Ques. 6): In AWS, what is a policy?
Briefly describe the many sorts of AWS policies.
Answer:
A policy is an AWS object that is
connected with a resource and determines whether or not a user request should
be granted. The following are the six main types of policies available in AWS:
Identity-based policies are those that
deal with a single identity user, several users, or a certain job. Permissions
are stored in JSON format in identity-based policies. They're also separated
into two categories: managed and inline policies.
Resource-based policies — In AWS,
resource-based policies refer to policies that deal with resources. The S3
bucket is an example of an AWS resource.
Rights boundaries – Permissions
boundaries determine the maximum number of permissions that identity-based
policies can grant to an object/entity.
SCP (Service Control Policies) - SCP
(Service Control Policies) are likewise recorded in JSON format and establish
the maximum amount of permissions that a firm/organization can have.
ACL (Access Control Lists) - The
principles in another AWS account that can access the resources are defined by
ACL (Access Control Lists). It's also the only AWS policy that doesn't use the
JSON format.
Session policies — Session policies
provide a restriction on how many rights a user's identity-based policies can
grant.
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Ques. 7): You've recently assigned
numerous EC2 instances across different availability zones for your business
website. You've also used a Multi-AZ RDS DB instance because your website does
a lot of read/write operations per minute (extra-large). Everything was going
according to plan until you noticed RDS MySQL read congestion. How are you
going to address this problem in order to improve your website's performance?
Answer:
One of the most common technical AWS
interview questions is this one. Candidates should not only be familiar with
AWS' cloud deployment capabilities, but also with Amazon's database services.
ElastiCache will be installed and
deployed in the various availability zones of EC2 instances. By deploying
ElastiCache in the memory caches of various availability zones, a cached
version of my website will be created in each zone. For better website
performance, an RDS MySQL read replica will be added to each availability zone.
Since the 'RDS MySQL read replica' has been added to each availability zone,
the RDS MySQL instance will not be overloaded, thus resolving the read
contention issue. Users can also view my website rapidly in different
availability zones because each zone has a cached version.
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Ques. 8): In AWS, describe the various
types of elastic load balancers.
Answer:
Three different types of load balancers
are supported by AWS elastic load balancing. Load balancers are used in AWS to
route incoming traffic. In AWS, there are three types of load balancers:
Application load balancer - The
application load balancer is in charge of the application layer routing
decisions. At the HTTP/HTTPS level, it performs path-based routing (layer 7).
It also aids in the distribution of requests to different container instances.
Using the application load balancer, you can send a request to many ports in
the container instances.
Network load balancer - The network
load balancer is concerned with transport layer (SSL/TCP) routing decisions. It
determines the target on the port from a group of targets using a flow hash
routing method. Once the target has been chosen, a TCP connection is created
with the target using the known listener setup.
Classic load balancer - A traditional
load balancer can choose between the application and transport layers. The basic
load balancer allows you to bind a load balancer port to only one container
instance (fixed mapping).
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Ques. 9): Briefly describe the various
AWS RDS database types.
Answer:
The following are the different types
of AWS RDS databases:
Amazon Aurora - The Aurora database was
built entirely in AWS RDS, which means it can't run on any local device
connected to the AWS cloud. Because of its increased availability and speed,
this relational database is chosen.
PostgreSQL — PostgreSQL is a relational
database designed specifically for AWS developers and start-ups. This
open-source database is simple to use and aids users in growing cloud
deployments. PostgreSQL deployments are not only quick, but also cost-effective
(economical).
MySQL is another open-source database
that is popular in cloud installations because of its excellent scalability.
MariaDB — MariaDB is an open-source
database that is used in the cloud to deploy scalable servers.
Its servers can be set up in the cloud in a matter of minutes. The
cost of deploying a scalable MariaDB server is similarly low. MariaDB is also
preferred for its administration features, including as scaling, replication,
and software patching.
Oracle - Oracle is an AWS RDS
relational database that can scale with its respective cloud installations. It
manages numerous administrative chores in the same way that MariaDB does.
SQL server — This relational database
can also handle administrative responsibilities such as scalability, backup,
and replication. Multiple versions of SQL servers can be deployed in the cloud
in minutes. In AWS, deploying SQL servers is also cost-effective.
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Ques. 10): What are your thoughts about AMI?
Answer:
Within the EC2 environment, an AMI
(Amazon Computer Image) is utilized to create a virtual machine. The services
that are supplied via EC2 are only deployed via AMI. The read-only filesystem
image that also includes an operating system is the most important aspect of
AMI. AMI also has a launch permission that determines which AWS accounts are
allowed to use AMI to deploy instances. Block device mapping in AMI determines
which volumes are attached to an instance during the launching process. There
are three main sorts of images in the AMI.
A public image is an AMI that may be
used by any user/client, although users can also choose to utilize a 'Paid'
image. You can also use a ‘Shared’ AMI that provides more flexibility to the
developer. Users can access A shared AMI who are allowed as per the developer’s
orders.
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Ques. 11): What are the primary
distinctions between Amazon Web Services and OpenStack?
Answer:
AWS and OpenStack are both in the
business of offering cloud computing services to their customers. AWS is a
proprietary cloud computing platform owned and distributed by Amazon, whereas
OpenStack is a free and open-source cloud computing platform. AWS provides a
variety of cloud computing services such as IaaS, PaaS, and others, whereas
OpenStack is an IaaS cloud computing platform. Because OpenStack is open
source, you can use it for free, but you must pay for AWS services as you use
it.
Another key distinction between AWS and
OpenStack is the ability to repeat activities. While AWS uses templates to
conduct recurring tasks, OpenStack uses text files. OpenStack is useful for
studying and comprehending cloud computing, while AWS is more capable and
well-equipped for enterprises. AWS also offers business development tools that
OpenStack does not offer.
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Ques. 12): What do you know about
Amazon Web Services Lambda?
Answer:
AWS Lambda is a computing platform given as part of the AWS services that performs tasks without the use of servers. Any code compiled on AWS Lambda will run in response to events, and it will automatically identify the resources needed to compile the code. AWS Lambda supports a variety of programming languages, including Node.js, Python, Java, Ruby, and others. You only pay for the time your code is performed when using AWS Lambda. When you are not using the computer, you will not be charged anything.
You may use AWS Lambda to run your code
in response to HTTP requests in addition to running it in response to events.
AWS Lambda will automatically manage various resources like memory, network,
CPU, etc., while you run a code on it.
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Ques. 13): You must upload a file to
Amazon S3 that is around 120 megabytes in size. What strategy will you use to
upload this file?
Answer:
A file larger than 100 megabytes can be
uploaded to Amazon S3 utilizing the multipart upload feature provided by AWS.
I'll be able to post the 120 megabyte file in numerous parts using the
multipart upload programme. Using the multipart upload application, each part
of the huge file will be uploaded separately. Once all of the original files
have been submitted, they can be combined to create a 120 megabyte original
file.
Using the multipart upload utility will
drastically reduce the upload time. Multipart uploading and downloading can be
done with AWS S3 commands. AWS S3 commands are also capable of automatically
performing multipart uploading/downloading after evaluating the file size.
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and Answers
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Answers
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and Answers
Ques. 14): Describe an Amazon Web
Services (AWS) service that can be used to protect AWS infrastructure against
DDoS attacks.
Answer:
We can use AWS Shield to protect apps
running on AWS from DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks of any form.
AWS Shield can detect a DDoS attack automatically and reduce application
downtime and latency. All of the defensive procedures can be automated by AWS
Shield, so a company does not need to contact Amazon tech support. AWS Shield
Standard provides automated protection against DDoS attacks to all AWS users.
The AWS Shield Advanced services, on the other hand, can be used to protect
against large/organized DDoS attacks.
AWS Shield Advanced defends AWS-based
applications against advanced DDoS attacks at the network and transport layers.
It also provides real-time visibility and monitoring at the time of any DDoS
attack on the AWS applications.
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Answers
Ques. 15): Briefly describe the various
types of virtualization available in AWS.
Answer:
In AWS, there are three different types
of virtualization:
HVM (Hardware Virtual Machine) - HVM
(Hardware Virtual Machine) aids in full virtualization of hardware, allowing
all virtual hardware machines to function independently. The virtual machines
run the master boot record to boot themselves after AWS AMI virtualization is
completed. The master boot record is run by virtual machines on the root block
device of the produced AWS machine image.
PV (Paravirtualization) is a type of
virtualization that is less intensive than HVM. Before you can do anything in
PV, you'll need to make some changes to the guest OS. Users can export a
scalable and modified version of hardware to virtual machines with these
changes.
PV on HVM – Paravirtualization on HVM
can also be done for increased functionality. Operating systems can get access
to storage and network I/O through the host via PV on HVM.
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Ques. 16): What are your thoughts on
AWS's cross-region replication service?
Answer:
Cross-region replication is utilized
when data needs to be copied from one bucket to another. Cross-region
replication's key advantage is that it allows you to duplicate data from one
bucket to another even if the buckets are in separate areas. Cross-region
replication allows for asynchronous data copying between buckets in the same AWS
management panel.
The Source Bucket is the one from which
the data/object is being copied, whereas the Destination Bucket is the one from
which the data/object is being copied. To take use of cross-region replication,
versioning should be enabled in both the source and destination buckets. Once
you've uploaded a collection of data to the destination bucket, you can move on
to the next step, but you cannot upload/replicate the same data from the source
bucket.
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Ques. 17): What are your thoughts on
Amazon's Web Application Firewall (WSF)?
Answer:
AWS WAF is a firewall service that
guards against web application exploits. They defend online applications
against bots that might degrade application performance or spend resources
unnecessarily. With the help of AWS WAF, users can manage incoming traffic to
their web applications. Apart from bot traffic, AWS WAF can also protect the
web application from a variety of common assaults.
Users can use AWS WAF to build traffic
rules that limit specific traffic patterns from affecting the performance of
web applications. AWS WAF provides an API that may be used to build a set of
rules for managing incoming traffic and automate the creation of web
application security rules.
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Ques. 18): Your Company has offices all
over the world and is using AWS for multi-regional deployments. Your company
employs MYSQL 5.6 for data durability. Your company just announced that it will
be collecting batch process data from each location on a regular basis and
generating regional reports. After that, the reports would be sent to various
branch offices. What strategy will you recommend for completing this assignment
in the lowest amount of time?
Answer:
Server deployment and database-related
difficulties might potentially be the subject of AWS interview questions. This
is an example of an AWS interview question for a senior position.
I recommend setting up a master RDS
instance to manage the firm's database. For gathering/reading reports from a
variety of sources, we can create a read replica of the RDS instance in various
regional headquarters. Installing a read replica at multiple locations will
help us in reading reports in less time.
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Ques. 19): What are your thoughts on
Amazon EMR?
Answer:
Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce) is a web
service for data processing that is frequently utilized. Amazon EMR is made up
of clusters, which are groups of EC2 instances. With a set of EC2 instances,
Cluster is the primary component of Amazon EMR. A node is a single EC2 instance
in a cluster, and each node has a specific duty assigned to it. The role associated
with each node in a cluster is defined by the node type.
A master node is also included in Amazon EMR, which is responsible for determining the responsibilities of other nodes in a cluster. The master node is also in charge of monitoring the performance of other nodes as well as the system's general health.
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Ques. 20): Describe the core services
of Amazon Kinesis in brief?
Answer:
Kinesis is a data streaming platform
offered by Amazon. There are three core services of Amazon kinesis that are as
follows:
Kinesis Streams – While data streaming,
the produced data is stored in shards containing the storage sections of
Kinesis Streams. The consumers can then access the data stored in shards and
can turn it into useful data. Once the customers/consumers are done with the
data stored in shards, it is moved to other AWS storage like DynamoDB, S3, etc.
Kinesis Firehose – Kinesis Firehose is
used to deliver the streaming data to various AWS destinations like S3,
Redshift, Elasticsearch, etc.
Kinesis Analytics – One can analyze the
streaming data, and rich insights can be collected using Kinesis Analytics. You
can run SQL queries on the data stored within Kinesis Firehose via Kinesis
Analytics.
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