Top 20 AWS RedShift Interview Questions & Answers

Ques. 1): What is Redshift in AWS?

Answer: Redshift in AWS is a big data warehouse product that is fast and powerful enough to manage data warehouse service in the cloud. Redshift is a petabyte-scale data repository service. The execution is cost effective and simple to investigate efficiently all over the data. It employs the present intelligence marketing devices which accomplish at high speed and are completely controllable.

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Ques: 2): What is Amazon Redshift?

Answer: Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service in the cloud. This enables you to use your data to acquire new insights for your business and customers. It is a data warehouse product which forms part of the larger cloud-computing platform Amazon Web Services. The name means to shift away from Oracle, red being an allusion to Oracle, whose corporate color is red and is informally referred to as "Big Red." It is built on top of technology from the massive parallel processing (MPP) data warehouse company ParAccel (later acquired by Actian), to handle large scale data sets and database migrations.

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Ques. 3): How will you load data to Amazon Redshift from different data sources such as Amazon EC2, DynamoDB, and Amazon RDS?

Answer: There are two ways of loading data to Amazon Redshift from different data sources, namely:

1. Using the AWS Data Pipeline – Offers high performance, fault-tolerant, and reliable way of loading data from a range of AWS data sources. It allows specifying the data source, required data transformations, and then execute a pre-written import script for loading data

2. Using the COPY command – Load data in parallel directly from Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon EMR, or any other SSH-enabled host

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Ques. 4): What are the benefits of using AWS Redshift?

Answer:

• We can run multiple queries on multiple nodes.

• We can use Postgresql, ODBC and JDBC.

• Automated backup

• Built-in security.

• When applications requires analytical function.

• Cost effective compared to traditional data warehousing technique.

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Ques. 5): What are the important Features of Redshift?

Answer:

• Operations : Similar to RDS

• Security : IAM,KMS ,VPC,SSL(similar to RDS)

• Redshift provides 10times more performance compare to other warehouse services.

• Redshift is highly available and have auto healing feature.

• Redshift provides pay per node provisioned, 1/10th of the cost compare to other data warehouse services.

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Ques. 6): Is Redshift similar to RDS?

Answer: Redshift is a heavily version of PostgreSQL, it’s not used for OLTP. OLTP is online transaction processing. So Redshift is not a replacement for RDS. Redshift is OLAP, OLAP stands for online analytical processing. That means that Redshift is used for analytics and data warehousing.

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Ques. 7): How to show tables in Amazon Redshift?

Answer: Below is the command to list tables in a public schema:

SELECT DISTINCT tablename

FROM pg_table_def

WHERE schemaname = 'public'

ORDER BY tablename;

Below is the command to describe the columns from a table called table_data

SELECT *

FROM pg_table_def

WHERE tablename = 'table_data'

AND schemaname = 'public';

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Ques. 8): What is MPP. Is Redshift support MPP?

Answer: MPP stands for massively parallel query execution .It’s highly distributed, when you run a query, it’s going to run it in parallel across so many instances and so many cores .And as such it’s called a massively parallel query execution which in turns makes the database highly available.

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Ques. 9): How many types of nodes supported by Redshift and what are the functions of nodes?

Answer: Redshift supports 2 nodes -leader node and compute node. There is a leader node and the leader node is used to planning the queries and aggregate results across all compute nodes. So the compute nodes are going to actually be performing the queries and they will send the results back to the leader. If you have one node, then that node is both a leader node and a compute node.

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Ques. 10): What is Redshift Enhanced VPC Routing?

Answer: If you enable Redshift Enhanced VPC Routing feature , all the COPY of data from whatever storage you want into Redshift, or UNLOAD from Redshift back to S3 , goes through VPC which gives you enhanced security and maybe better performance as well as your data doesn’t go over the public internet.

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Ques. 11): How will I be charged and billed if I use Amazon Redshift?

Answer: You pay only for what you use, and there are no minimum or setup fees. Billing commences for a data warehouse cluster as soon as the data warehouse cluster is available. Billing continues until the data warehouse cluster terminates, which would occur upon deletion or in the event of instance failure. You are billed based on:

• Compute Node Hours

• Backup Storage

• Data Transfer

• Data Scanned

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Ques. 12): How far Redshift is better in performance as compare to other data warehouse technologies?

Answer: Redshift provides ten times better performance than other data warehouse technologies and Redshift is meant to scale 2 petabytes of data. So petabytes, 1 petabyte is 1000 terabytes, means a lot of data.

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Ques. 13): Amazon’s Redshift uses which block size for its columnar storage?

Answer: Redshift uses the below block sizes for its columnar storage:

• 2KB

• 8KB

• 16KB

• 32KB

• 1024KB

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Ques. 14): Is Redshift a row-based storage or columnar based?

Answer: Redshift supports columnar data storage (instead of row based) which makes it good for analytical processing not for transactional processing.

PostgreSQL, RDS, MySQL supports row-based storage of data.

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Ques. 15): How do we load data into Redshift?

Answer: Data is loaded from S3, DynamoDB, DMS and Read Replicas in RDS for example, when you have a RBS database but you want to do analytics on it to create a read replica, to pull that data from the read replica into Redshift and to do the analytics into Redshift.

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Ques. 16): What are the ideal cases for using the Classic Load Balancer and the Application Load Balancer?

Answer: The Classic Load Balancer is the befitting option for simple load balancing of traffic across several EC2 instances.

On the contrary, the Application Load Balancer is suitable for container-based or microservices architecture where there is either a requirement for routing traffic to different services or carrying out load balancing across multiple ports on the same EC2 instance.

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Ques. 17): How is Amazon RDS, DynamoDB and Redshift different?

Answer: Amazon RDS is a database management service for relational databases, it manages patching, upgrading, backing up of data etc. of databases for you without your intervention. RDS is a Db management service for structured data only.

DynamoDB, on the other hand, is a NoSQL database service, NoSQL deals with unstructured data.

Redshift is an entirely different service, it is a data warehouse product and is used in data analysis.

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Ques. 18): What data formats does Redshift Spectrum support?

Answer: Redshift Spectrum currently supports for Avro, CSV, Grok, Ion, JSON, ORC, Parquet, RCFile, RegexSerDe, SequenceFile and Tex.

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Ques. 19): How we can monitor the performance of Redshift data warehouse cluster.

Answer: Performance metric like compute and storage utilization, read/write traffic can be monitored via AWS Management Console or using CloudWatch.

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Ques. 20): Does Amazon redshift based on concept cluster?

Answer: Amazon Redshift uses nodes; group of nodes are called cluster. Single cluster runs an Amazon Redshift and it has one or multiple number of databases.

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Top 20 AWS DevOps Cloud Interview Questions & Answers

Ques. 1): What do you know about AWS DevOps?

Answer: Your response needs to be clear and understandable. First, describe DevOps’ increasing significance in the IT industry. Discuss how such a strategy helps to synergize the production and operations teams’ strategies to maximize digital product distribution with a low failure rate. Talk about how DevOps is a value-added process where architecture and operation engineers collaborate during the product or service’s lifecycle, right from the design phase to the implementation phase.

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Ques. 2): What role does AWS play in DevOps?

Answer: Most often you will come across this DevOps Interview Question in your interviews. In DevOps, AWS has the following role:

• Flexible technology – Offers ready-to-use, customizable facilities without the need for program development or configuration.

• Constructed for scale – Using AWS systems, you can handle a single instance or scale to thousands.

• Automation – AWS lets you simplify activities and procedures, allowing you to create further

• Safe – You can configure user permissions and policies using the AWS Identity and Access Control (IAM).

• Large partner ecosystem – AWS supports a broad partner ecosystem that incorporates and expands AWS services.

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Ques. 3): Why the Opensource tools boost DevOps?

Answer: Opensource tools predominantly used by any organization which is adapting (or) adopted DevOps pipelines because devops came with the focus of automation in various aspects of organization build and release and change management and also infrastructure management areas.

So developing or using a single tool is impossible and also everything is basically trial and error phase of development and also agile cuts down the luxury of developing a single tool , so opensource tools were available on the market pretty much saves every purpose and also gives organization an option to evaluate the tool based on their need .

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Ques. 4): What are the uses of integrating cloud with DevOps?

Answer: The centralized nature of cloud computing provides DevOps automation with a standard and centralized platform for testing, deployment, and production.Most cloud providers gives Even DevOps technologies like CI tools and deployment tools as a service like codebuild, codepipeline, codedeploy in AWS makes easy and even faster rate of DevOps practice.

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Ques. 5): Why do you think a Version control system is necessary for DevOps team?

Answer: Application is all about code, if the UI is not behaving as expected, there could be a bug in the code. To track the code updates, versioning is a must.

By any chance if bug breaks the application, we should be able to revert it to the working codebase. Versioning helps to achieve this.

Also, by keeping a track of code commits by individuals, it is very easy to find the source of the bug in the code.

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Ques. 6): What are the different phases in DevOps?

Answer: The various aspects of the DevOps lifecycle are as the following:

• Plan– Originally, a schedule should be drawn up for the form of application to be created. It is still a smart thing to get a clear view of the production process.

• Code-The program is configured according to the needs of the end-user.

• Construct– Build the program by combining different codes developed in the preceding phases.

• Test-This is the most critical step in the creation of an application. Check the document, and if necessary, restore it.

• Integrate– Several codes are built into one by various programmers.

• Deploy– Technology is being distributed for further use in a cloud environment. It is assumed that the new developments will not impact the operation of a website with heavy traffic.

• Operate– Where necessary, operations are conducted on the file.

• Monitor– It tracks the performance of programs. Changes are made to meet the demands of the end-user.

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Ques. 7): Describe how “Infrastructure code” is processed or completed in AWS?

Answer: In AWS,

• The Infrastructure Code will be in JSON format

• This JSON code is stored in files called templates

• These templates can be deployed and then handled as stacks on AWS DevOps

• The CloudFormation provider will then do the stack process Forming, removing, upgrading, etc.

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Ques. 8): What is the concept of Continuous Integration in Devops?

Answer: Continuous integration is an increasingly critical aspect of the Agile process. Developers usually function during a sprint on functionality or user experiences and contribute their version control repository changes.

If the code has been committed, then the developers’ entire work is well organized, and the build is done on a routine basis depending on each check-in or schedule. Continuous integration thus requires the creator to merge their improvements with the others, to receive early feedback.

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Ques. 9): What are the scripting languages can be used in DevOps?

Answer: As with scripting languages , the basic shell scripting is used for build steps in Jenkins pipelines and python scripts can be used with any other tools like Ansible , terraform as a wrapper script for some other complex decision solving tasks in any automation as python is more superior in complex logic derivation than shell scripts and ruby scripts can also be used as build steps in Jenkins.

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Ques. 10): What is the distinction between Continuous Delivery and Continuous Deployment?

Answer: There are several applications or user stories that are created, tested, and ready for implementation in an Agile Sprint, For Instance. But not everyone will be implemented depending on the client’s requirements and goals. But it’s essential to keep the code readily accessible for distribution here in continuous Delivery.

In Continuous Deployment, all the improvements made by the developer go through different stages to be delivered in an automated fashion into the PRODUCTION circumstances.

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Ques. 11): What is the difference between Ansible and chef(or) puppet?

Answer: Ansible is Agentless configuration management tool, where puppet or chef needs agent needs to be run on the agent node and chef or puppet is based on pull model, where your cookbook or manifest for chef and puppet respectively from the master will be pulled by the agent and ansible uses ssh to communicate and it gives data-driven instructions to the nodes need to be managed , more like RPC execution, ansible uses YAML scripting, whereas puppet (or) chef is built by ruby uses their own DSL .

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Ques. 12): Is DevOps the part of Agile methodology?

Answer: Yes, DevOps is the part of agile methodology, with the main difference is that it can only be applied over the section on growth. Agile will, at the same time, be used for both processes and improvements.

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Ques. 13): Can you list out some of the popular tools for DevOps?

Answer: Some of the polular tools are:

• Git

• Jenkins

• Ansible

• Puppet

• Nagios

• Docker

• ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)

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Ques. 14): How many types of repositories available in Git?

Answer: There are two types of repositories available in Git:

Bare Repositories (Central): These repositories are only for Storing & Sharing the code. All central repositories are bare repositories

Non – Bare Repositories (Local): In these repositories, we can modify the files. All local /user repositories are Bare Repositories.

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Ques. 15): Can you explain Pair Programming concerning DevOps?

Answer: Pair programming is an Extreme Programming Principles Architecture technique. Two programmer function on the very same device in this form, on the same layout/algorithm/code.

One programmer acts as a “horse,” and another acts as an “observer” who always watches a project’s development to detect issues. With no intimation, the functions can be switched at any time.

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Ques. 16): What is docker swarm?

Answer: Group of Virtual machines with Docker Engine can be clustered and maintained as a single system and the resources also being shared by the containers and docker swarm master schedules the docker container in any of the machines under the cluster according to resource availability

Docker swarm init can be used to initiate docker swarm cluster and docker swarm join with the master IP from client joins the node into the swarm cluster.

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Ques. 17): What is a version control system?

Answer: Version Control System (VCS) is a software that helps software developers to work together and maintain a complete history of their work.

Some of the feature of VCS as follows:

• Allow developers to wok simultaneously

• Does not allow overwriting on each other changes.

• Maintain the history of every version.

There are two types of Version Control Systems:

1. Central Version Control System, Ex: Git, Bitbucket

2. Distributed/Decentralized Version Control System, Ex: SVN

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Ques. 18): What is Git Bisect?

Answer: Git Bisect we use to pick bad commit out of all good commits. Often developers do some mistakes. For them it is very difficult to pick that commit where mistake is there. They go with building all commits one by one to pick bad commit. But Git bisect made their lives easy. Git bisect divides all commits equally in to two parts (bisecting equally). Now instead of building each commit, they go with building both parts. Where ever bad commit is there, that part build will be failed. We do operation many times till we get bad commit. So Git bisect allows you to find a bad commit out of good commits. You don’t have to trace down the bad commit by hand; git-bisect will do that for you.

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Ques. 19): What is IAC?

Answer: IAC means Infrastructure As Code. It is the process through which we automate all admin tasks. Here we write code in Ruby script in chef. When you apply this code, automatically code will be converted into Infrastructure. So here we are getting so many advantages in writing the code. Those are

1. Code is Testable (Testing code is easy compare to Infrastructure)

2. Code is Repeatable (Can re-use the same code again and again)

3. Code is Versionable (Can store in versions so that can get any previous versions at any time)

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Ques. 20): What is the role Of HTTP REST API in DevOps?

Answer: As Devops is purely focuses on Automating your infrastructure and provides changes over the pipeline for different stages like an each CI/CD pipeline will have stages like build, test, sanity test, UAT, Deployment to Prod environment as with each stage there are different tools is used and different technology stack is presented and there needs to be a way to integrate with different tool for completing a series toolchain, there comes a need for HTTP API , where every tool communicates with different tools using API , and even user can also use SDK to interact with different tools like BOTO for Python to contact AWS API’s for automation based on events , nowadays its not batch processing anymore , it is mostly event driven pipelines

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