Ques: 1). AWS Step Functions: How Do They Work?

Answer:

You may create state machines that outline your process as a collection of stages, their connections, and their inputs and outputs using AWS Step Functions. Each of the states that make up a state machine corresponds to a distinct phase in a workflow diagram. States are capable of carrying out tasks, making decisions, passing arguments, starting parallel execution, controlling timeouts, and ending your workflow with a success or failure. Designing multi-step applications is simple because to the visual console's automated graphing of each stage in the sequence of execution. The console displays each step's current state and offers a thorough history of each execution.

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Ques: 2). What is AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

AWS Step Functions is a fully managed solution that makes it simple to use visual workflows to coordinate the parts of distributed applications and microservices. You can expand apps simply and update programmes rapidly by creating applications from separate, distinct components. Step Functions is a dependable method for organising parts and iterating over the application's functions. Step Functions provide a graphical interface for organising and visualising your application's parts as a flow of steps. This makes creating and running multi-step apps straightforward. Step Functions automatically initiates, records, and retries each step so that your programme runs in the correct order and according to plan. Step Functions records each step's status so that when something goes wrong, you can immediately identify and fix the issue. You can simply grow your application and innovate more quickly since you can add and alter phases without ever writing code.

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Ques: 3). What dialect is AWS Step Functions written in?

Answer:

The declarative Amazon States Language is used to specify the state machines used by AWS Step Functions in JSON. Any programming language that supports web service API communication with AWS Step Functions may be used to construct an activity worker. You can utilise an AWS SDK in the language of your choice for convenience. Code written in Node.js (JavaScript), Python, Golang (Go), and C# is supported by AWS Lambda (using the .NET Core runtime and other languages).

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Ques: 4). When should I utilise Amazon SQS instead of AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

When you need to coordinate service components in the creation of highly scalable and auditable systems, you should take AWS Step Functions into consideration. When you want a dependable, highly scalable, hosted queue for transmitting, storing, and receiving messages across services, you have to think about employing Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS). All tasks and events in an application are recorded by Step Functions. If your application uses several queues, Amazon SQS requires you to build your own application-level tracking. You may search for executions, dig down into an execution's details, and manage executions using the Step Functions Console and visibility APIs, which offer an application-centric perspective. Implementing such additional capability is necessary for Amazon SQS. Step Functions has a number of features that make it easier to design applications, such the ability to communicate information between jobs and flexible task distribution. You must build certain application-level functions in order to use Amazon SQS. While you may create simple processes to synchronise your distributed application using Amazon SQS, Step Functions also provides further application-level features.

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Ques: 5). How do Amazon API Gateway and AWS Step Functions interact?

Answer:

Your Step Functions APIs may be linked to Amazon API Gateway so that, whenever an HTTPS request is made to one of your defined API methods, your state machines are invoked. You may add human activity tasks into the phases of your application, such as permission requests and answers, by using an Amazon API Gateway API to launch Step Functions state machines that coordinate the elements of a distributed backend application. To the APIs of the services your application utilises, you may also perform serverless asynchronous calls.

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Ques: 6). Can I use the resources inside my Amazon VPC to access Step Functions without using the internet?

Answer:

AWS PrivateLink-enabled VPC Endpoints (VPCE) are likewise supported by Step Functions. Without using the open internet, AWS Lambda functions and other AWS services that support VPC can access Step Functions.

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Ques: 7). How are other AWS services connected and coordinated using AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

More than 200 AWS services may be connected to and coordinated by workflows that you design using AWS Step Functions. You can, for instance:

Use a Lambda function provided by AWS.
Execute an AWS Fargate or Amazon Elastic Container Service job.
A new item may be added to a DynamoDB table or an old item can be retrieved from one.
Send an AWS Batch job, then wait for it to finish
Post a message to a subject on Amazon SNS.
A message was sent to an Amazon SQS queue.
start a run of the AWS Glue task
To train a machine learning model or batch convert a data set, create an Amazon SageMaker task.
You can also create tasks in your state machines that run applications.

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Ques: 8). What are the advantages of utilising orchestration while creating my application?

Answer:

By dividing an application into service components (or stages), it can be made sure that each component scales independently, that it can be changed without needing a whole system redeployment after each change, and that the failure of one component won't bring down the entire system. Coordination of service components entails controlling concurrency, scheduling, and execution dependencies in line with the application's logical flow. Developers may utilise service orchestration in such an application to do this and deal with errors.

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Ques: 9). Some of the characteristics of Standard Workflows and some of Express Workflows are present in my process. What is the greatest way to combine the two?

Answer:

The following two workflow types are composable: Standard Workflows can execute Express Workflows as a subworkflow. From the perspective of the parent orchestration workflow, the Express Workflow is started from a Task state and either succeeds or fails as a whole. It is subject to the task's parent's retry policy. As long as none of the workflows go above the parent's time cap, you may also invoke Express Workflows from within an Express Workflow. You might choose to factor your workflows this way if your use case has a combination of long-running or exactly-once, and short-lived high-rate steps.

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Ques: 10). What are some typical use cases for AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

Any computational issue or business procedure that can be broken into a number of steps is helped by AWS Step Functions. It may also be used to build end-to-end workflows for managing interdependent activities. Typical use cases comprise:

Refine and reduce massive data sets into usable forms, or manage multi-step analytics and machine learning workflows to combine data from several databases into unified outputs.

DevOps and IT automation: develop instruments for continuous integration and deployment, or develop event-driven programmes that instantly react to infrastructure changes.

Automate essential company activities with e-commerce, such order fulfilment and inventory management.

Implement strong user registration procedures and sign-on authentication in web applications.

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Ques: 11). How do AWS Step Functions log and monitor activity?

Answer:

For application monitoring, AWS Step Functions deliver metrics to AWS CloudTrail and Amazon CloudWatch. AWS Step Functions are monitored by Amazon CloudWatch, which also tracks metrics, sets alarms, and responds immediately to changes. All Step Functions API calls, both those made through the Step Functions interface and through code calls to the Step Functions APIs, are recorded as events by AWS CloudTrail. For each linked service in your workflow, Step Functions offers managed rules for Amazon CloudWatch Events and can establish and administer CloudWatch Events rules in your AWS account as necessary.

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Ques: 12). What compliance requirements are covered by Step Functions?

Answer:

HIPAA, FedRAMP, SOC, GDPR, and other widely used compliance requirements are all met using AWS Step Functions.

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Ques: 13). How are my resources connected via AWS Step Functions?

Answer:

Any AWS service may be orchestrated using Service Integrations, and any self-managed application component can be orchestrated using Activity Tasks.

You may build calls to AWS Services and include the answer into your process using service integrations. You may easily call one of the more than 9,000 AWS API Actions from more than 200 services using AWS-SDK Service Integrations. With features like IAM policy creation and the RunAJob pattern, which will automatically wait for the completion of asynchronous processes, Optimized Service Integrations further ease usage of popular services like Lambda, ECS, Glue, or EMR.

Activity Tasks make it possible to integrate with activity works that you run anywhere you choose, whether on an on-premises server, in Amazon EC2, Amazon ECS, on a mobile device, or in Amazon EC2. The activity worker checks Step Functions periodically for work, accepts any inputs from Step Functions, runs your code to complete the task, and then provides the results. Since activity workers solicit labour, using workers that are set up behind a firewall is simple.

Service Integrations and Activity Tasks may both be combined in an AWS Step Functions state machine. Applications using AWS Step Functions can also integrate cloud-based service tasks with activity workers operating in a data centre. Both the data centre employees and any cloud-based service duties carry on as usual.

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Ques: 14). What happens if my Express Workflow fails because the number of retries has run out or there was an uncontrolled exception?

Answer:

Express Workflows automatically record all outcomes, including workflow input, output, and finished phases, to CloudWatch Logs. You may opt to log input and output or merely record errors at various degrees of logging. Workflows that have an unmanaged exception or have run out of retries should be restarted from the beginning.

November 02, 2022

Top 2o AWS QLDB Interview Questions and Answers

Ques: 1). What distinguishes a ledger database from other databases?

Since data may be overwritten or deleted in traditional databases, developers utilise strategies like audit tables and audit trails to help trace the history of the data. These strategies may be effective, but they call for specialised expertise, can be challenging to scale, and place the burden of data accuracy on the application developer. Since data in Amazon QLDB is written to an append-only journal, the developer has access to the complete data history. Additionally, the information in your ledger may be trusted because it is immutable and verifiable in the journal of Amazon QLDB.

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Ques: 2). Amazon Quantum Ledger Database: What Is It?

A comprehensive and cryptographically verifiable history of all modifications made to your application data is provided by the Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB), a specifically designed ledger database.

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Ques: 3). How fast can I anticipate Amazon QLDB to operate?

Compared to ledgers in typical blockchain systems, Amazon QLDB can process two to three times as many transactions. Due to the decentralised nature of blockchain systems, a majority of network participants must agree that a transaction is genuine before it can be carried out. However, QLDB's centralised architecture enables its transactions to be carried out without the need for multi-party consensus.

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Ques: 4). How robust is Amazon QLDB?

The ledger of Amazon QLDB is spread over several AZs with various copies in each AZ. When an availability zone fails, we maintain redundancy within the region and guarantee complete recovery. QLDB is strongly durable since a write is only recognised after being committed to a durable storage over many AZs.

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Ques: 5). What are QLDB Streams' ordering policies and delivery guarantees?

The Amazon QLDB Streaming feature offers a delivery guarantee of at least once. A minimum of once is streamed to Amazon Kinesis for each control, block summary, and revision details record that a QLDB Stream creates from the journal. Customers will need deduplication logic on the application layer if the application requires it since duplicate records may occasionally emerge in the Kinesis stream. There are no promises regarding the sequence in which prior blocks and changes will be released in the Kinesis stream.

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Ques: 6). Is Amazon Quantum Ledger Database a blockchain or distributed ledger service?

There is no blockchain or distributed ledger system called Amazon QLDB. Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are primarily used to address the issue of multi-party, decentralised systems that cannot be owned by a single body and in which the participants may not always have complete trust in one another. The QLDB ledger database, on the other hand, was created specifically for clients who needed to keep a comprehensive and verifiable history of data changes in a programme they owned. Along with the comfort, scalability, and simplicity of a fully maintained AWS database, Amazon QLDB delivers history, immutability, and verifiability. A blockchain solution can be suitable if your application demands decentralisation and includes several unreliable parties. Amazon QLDB is an excellent choice if your application needs a full and verifiable history of all application data changes but does not involve numerous, unreliable parties.

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Ques: 7). Does Amazon QLDB provide replication between regions?

As of right present, Amazon QLDB does not enable cross-region replication. Customers can export the contents of the QLDB journal to an S3 bucket using the export to S3 capability of QLDB. Cross-region replication may be set for the S3 buckets.

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Ques: 8). Does Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) allow the use of Amazon QLDB?

AWS Private Link and Amazon QLDB are linked. The ability to securely link a VPC to approved AWS services powered by PrivateLink without the need for an internet gateway, NAT device, VPN connection, or an AWS Direct Connect connection is provided by the ability for customers to build a VPC endpoint.

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Ques: 9). What are QLDB Streams' ordering policies and delivery guarantees?

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Ques: 10). How do customers get started using Amazon QLDB Streaming Capability?

1/ Create an Amazon Kinesis Data Stream (KDS): Customers create a KDS stream either by using Amazon Kinesis console or AWS SDK. They can also use an existing stream.

2/ Create an Amazon QLDB Stream: Customers create an Amazon QLDB Stream using Amazon QLDB console or AWS SDK. The following key aspects need to be configured for creating the stream:

Amazon QLDB Ledger name

Target KDS stream

IAM role that Amazon QLDB will assume, which has permissions to write the KDS stream

Start time, that specifies the clock time from which to start streaming

End time, that specifies the clock time to end streaming. Omitting this optional parameter implies a continuous stream.

3/ Consume the KDS Stream: Customers can write Kinesis applications using Kinesis services, such as Kinesis Data Firehose and Kinesis Data Analytics, to consume and process the stream. Customers can also use AWS Lambda to consume the Kinesis Data Stream records.

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Ques: 11). How does Amazon QLDB handle authentication?

The same authentication process is used by Amazon QLDB and other AWS services. The method demands that HTTP requests have a request signature appended (header or query string). Other request data and the AWS credentials are used to calculate the signature (Access Key ID and Secret Access Key).

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Ques: 12). Can I create a backup or snapshot of my ledger?

As of right moment, Amazon QLDB does not provide a backup and restore functionality. Currently, there is a facility for exporting to S3. You may export the contents of your QLDB journal to S3 using this feature.

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Ques: 13). What information ought to be kept in a ledger database?

System-of-record applications, in which data quality, completeness, and verifiability are crucial, are a logical fit for Amazon QLDB's characteristics. An application built on Amazon QLDB, for instance, would have access to the whole history of changes, such as movement between carriers and across borders, for querying and analysis in the supply chain and logistics domain. System-of-record programmes in finance keep track of important data, such debit and credit transactions. Banks may utilise QLDB to quickly retain a permanent and comprehensive record of all financial transactions rather than developing sophisticated record keeping features within their application.

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Ques: 14). How can I test out Amazon QLDB?

Given that there are no servers to manage or capacity to deploy, getting started with Amazon QLDB is simple. The AWS Management Console, AWS Command Line Interface (CLI), an AWS CloudFormation template, or QLDB API calls may all be used to construct a new ledger in a matter of minutes.

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Ques: 15). Describe PartiQL. How is it supported by Amazon QLDB?

You may use PartiQL, a new open standard query language that offers SQL-compatible access to QLDB's document-oriented data architecture that incorporates semi-structured and nested data while being independent of any specific data source, to access and edit your data using Amazon QLDB.

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Ques: 16). What type of functionality is supported by Amazon QLDB?

Amazon QLDB offers a comprehensive and verifiable history of application data updates, as well as ACID-compliant transactions, a versatile document data type, and an API that is similar to SQL. Additionally, QLDB is completely managed and expands automatically to match the demands of your application without the need for provisioning.

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Ques: 17). How does Amazon QLDB's high availability function?

A very available service is Amazon QLDB. By default, a region's availability zones duplicate several copies of your QLDB ledger. So, even in the event of a zone failure, QLDB may still be used.

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Ques: 18). Where can I access Amazon QLDB in AWS?

With more regions in the way, Amazon QLDB is now accessible in the following AWS regions: US East (North Virginia, Ohio), US West (Oregon), Europe (Ireland, Frankfurt), and Asia Pacific (Singapore, Sydney, Seoul, and Tokyo).

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Ques: 19). How scalable is Amazon QLDB?

You won't need to worry about setting read and write limitations or allocating capacity while using Amazon QLDB. Your ledger and tables are defined, and QLDB scales itself automatically to meet your application's needs.

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Ques: 20). How does Amazon QLDB handle encryption?

All data, both in transit and at rest, is encrypted by default. Currently, customer controlled CMKs are not supported by Amazon QLDB (Customer Master Keys). Customer data is encrypted using AWS-owned keys by Amazon QLDB.

Top 20 AWS AppFlow Interview Questions and Answers

Ques: 1). Amazon AppFlow: What is it?

Answer:

With just a few clicks, you can securely move data between Software-as-a-Tool (SaaS) programmes like Salesforce, Marketo, Slack, and ServiceNow and AWS services like Amazon S3 and Amazon Redshift using Amazon AppFlow, a fully managed connection service. You may perform data flows with AppFlow on a schedule, in reaction to a business event, or on demand, and at almost any size. To create rich, usable data as part of the flow itself, without additional steps, you may enable strong data transformation features like filtering and validation. For SaaS apps that are linked with AWS PrivateLink, AppFlow automatically encrypts data in motion and enables users to block data from travelling over the public Internet, reducing exposure to security threats.

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Ques: 2). Which AWS services is Amazon AppFlow compatible with?

Answer:

Amazon S3, Amazon RedShift, Amazon Connector Customer Profiles, Amazon Lookout for Metrics, and Amazon Honeycode are among the AWS services that are supported, and we're always adding more.

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Ques: 3). What extra value can AppFlow provide given that my SaaS application already has access to public APIs?

Answer:

While developers may accomplish a variety of basic integration tasks using the public APIs from SaaS apps, AppFlow saves clients time by enabling anybody who prefers not to write code and get familiar with the API documentation of all the different SaaS services to do so. Custom connections are replaced with the fully managed API integration service known as AppFlow. To coordinate and carry out the flows, it sets up computing, storage, and networking resources. It also handles API authorization with the SaaS application, controls the lifecycle of access tokens, and manages API keys. Finally, it processes data as part of the flow.

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Ques: 4). What advantages does AppFlow offer?

Answer:

By using AppFlow, you may avoid spending a lot of money and hiring highly qualified developers to create and manage unique API connections for AWS services that exchange data with SaaS apps. The majority of the integrations that SaaS application administrators and business analysts require may be easily implemented without having to wait months for IT to complete integration projects. Particularly, the advantages consist of:

Swiftness and adaptability: With Amazon AppFlow, you can integrate apps in a matter of minutes rather than waiting days or weeks for specialised connections to be created. There is no coding or maintenance required for features like data pagination, error reporting, and network connection retries because they are present by default. Data flow quality is embedded into Amazon Appflow, and you may improve the flow of data by masking, mapping, merging, filtering, and validating the data as it moves through the flow.

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Ques: 5). How do I configure the encryption keys?

Answer:

Your data is always secured with AppFlow, both in transit and at rest. Your AWS managed customer master key (CMK) will be used by default by AppFlow for encryption. Additionally, you have a choice of client controlled CMKs for encryption, or managed keys. Utilizing the AWS Key Management Service, create custom keys (KMS). Once configured, your unique key is immediately used for creating flows.

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Ques: 6). Should I use AWS DataSync or AppFlow when?

Answer:

AWS DataSync is designed to transfer massive volumes of data in bulk for processing, backup, and disaster recovery between on-premises data sources and the AWS Cloud. When one-time or recurring transfers of tens or hundreds of gigabytes are commonplace, AWS DataSync is the best option. At this size, maximising network capacity and attaining high throughput are required. In contrast, SaaS apps and AWS services exchange data through the usage of AppFlow. The operational data flows that may be started by a person, an event, or a schedule are what AppFlow is made for.

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Ques: 7). When should I utilise Amazon EventBridge versus AppFlow?

Answer:

Developers may create event-driven apps that communicate with SaaS applications and AWS services using Amazon EventBridge. SaaS programmes that have connected with EventBridge provide events to the client's event bus, where they may be forwarded to processing destinations like Amazon EC2 instances or Lambda functions. With a point-and-click user interface, AppFlow provides bi-directional data transmission between SaaS apps and AWS services that may be started by people using a UI, a schedule, or events.

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Ques: 8). How do I begin using AppFlow?

Answer:

Go to the AWS Management Console and choose the Services menu, then choose AppFlow. The AppFlow home page will then be shown. The steps listed below may be used to establish and configure a Flow by an authorised IAM user:

Link the source and destination of your data. To begin, give your flow a name and select a source and destination from the list of integrated application sources.

Select your data flow trigger from the following options: on demand flows, scheduled flows, and event-based flows, which are triggered by business events like the creation of a sales opportunity or a change in a support ticket's status.

Field mapping may be configured inside AppFlow, or for data sets with a lot of fields, a csv file with bulk field mappings can be uploaded. Add data field transformations as an option, such as hiding private financial data or merging first and last names.

Add optional data filters, such as incorporating only new or chosen data fields in your flow, and validations, such as verifying that numerical fields contain numbers.

Finish - Click Create Flow to start your data flowing based on the triggers you specified. You may always go back to your dashboard to analyse and troubleshoot data flows.

Data is sent between the data source and the data target while AppFlow also executes the chosen transformations and keeps track of the processing. For automation, security, and monitoring, AppFlow connects with core AWS services including AWS PrivateLink, AWS KMS, and Amazon CloudTrail.

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Ques: 9). Is it possible to install AppFlow using CloudFormation templates?

Answer:

In every country where Amazon AppFlow is offered, AWS CloudFormation functionality is accessible. Visit our documentation to find out more about how to manage and provision Amazon AppFlow resources using AWS CloudFormation.

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Ques: 10). When should I use AWS Glue or AppFlow?

Answer:

Data engineers may easily prepare and load data stored on AWS for analyses using the managed ETL solution offered by AWS Glue. From JDBC-compliant data sources (databases), it builds a data catalogue that makes metadata accessible for ETL as well as querying through Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon Redshift Spectrum. With the help of AppFlow, users in lines of business may create data integration without writing any code by connecting to API-based data sources.

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Ques: 11). Does AppFlow need AWS PrivateLink to connect to SaaS applications?

Answer:

No. If AWS PrivateLink is not enabled, AppFlow will interface with the open API endpoints of SaaS apps.

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Ques: 12). What are the trigger mechanisms available for flows?

Answer:

You can run flows on demand, based on business events, or on a schedule:

On Demand: Run data flows on demand, as soon as you click “Run Flow” to do bulk transfers or tests,

Event-based: Run data flows in response to business events like the creation of a sales opportunity, the status change of a support ticket, or the completion of a registration form.

Scheduled: Run data flows at a routine schedule at the time interval you choose to keep data in sync, or run flows routinely.

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Ques: 13). What SaaS integrations may I use as a source or destination?

Answer:

Numerous sources are supported by AppFlow, including Salesforce, SAP, Marketo, Zendesk, and Slack. As destinations for flows, it supports Salesforce, Amazon S3, Amazon RedShift, and Snowflake.

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Ques: 14). What benefits does AppFlow provide?

Answer:

Privacy and security: AppFlow encrypts data both in transit and at rest for security and privacy. Data encryption is possible using AWS managed keys or external custom keys. Using Amazon VPC endpoints made possible by AWS PrivateLink, customers may additionally restrict the amount of data that is sent over the open Internet. This reduces the possibility of sensitive data leaks and the threat from Internet-based assaults.

Scalability: AppFlow grows up without the requirement for resource planning or provisioning, allowing you to transport enormous amounts of data without having to divide it up into separate batches. You can quickly move millions of Salesforce records or Zendesk tickets with Amazon AppFlow while only running one flow.

Reliability: To avoid any single points of failure while operating within the robust AWS infrastructure, AppFlow adopts a highly available design with redundant, segregated resources.

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Ques: 15). Do AppFlow and CloudTrail work together?

Answer:

Yes. Simply enable CloudTrail in the AWS Management Console to retrieve a history of AppFlow API calls made on your account.

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Ques: 16). What are some examples of Flows that I can configure using Amazon AppFlow?

Answer:

AppFlow gives you the flexibility to configure their own Flows. Some examples of flows include:
Create a copy of a Salesforce object (i.e. opportunity, case, campaign) in Amazon S3.
Send case tickets from Zendesk into an Amazon Redshift table.
Hydrate an Amazon S3 data lake with transactional data from SAP S/4HANA ERP.
Push records from a CSV file in Amazon S3 into a Salesforce account, contact, or lead object.
Transfer results such as lead scores and account churn risk scores from Amazon S3 to Salesforce.

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Ques: 17). Do you have a service level agreement for AppFlow?

Answer:

Yes. During any monthly payment cycle, AWS shall make commercially reasonable efforts to make AppFlow accessible with a Monthly Uptime Percentage for each AWS region of at least 99.9%.

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