Top 20 AWS Data Exchange Interview Questions and Answers

 

 

        Finding, subscribing to, and using third-party data in the cloud is simple using AWS Data Exchange. Reuters, which curates data from over 2.2 million unique news stories per year in multiple languages; Change Healthcare, which processes and anonymizes more than 14 billion healthcare transactions and $1 trillion in claims annually; Dun & Bradstreet, which maintains a database of more than 330 million global business records; and Foursquare, which derives location data from 220 million unique consumers.

AWS(Amazon Web Services) Interview Questions and Answers

Ques. 1): AWS Data Exchange is accessible in which AWS Regions?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange features a single global product catalogue that suppliers may access from any AWS Region that is supported. Regardless of the Region you're in, you'll see the same catalogue. The product's resources (data sets, revisions, and assets) are regional resources that you may manage programmatically or via the AWS Data Exchange UI in certain AWS Regions.  

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Ques. 2): What rules do I have to follow as an AWS Data Exchange for APIs provider?

Answer:

Providers of API-enabled goods must reply to subscriber support requests within one business day, according to the AWS Data Exchange User Guide, in addition to obeying the Terms and Conditions for AWS Marketplace Sellers and the AWS Customer Agreement. If you don't follow the rules, your product may be withdrawn from AWS Data Exchange.

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Ques. 3): What are the most common AWS Data Exchange users?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange allows AWS customers to securely exchange and access data from other parties on AWS. Nearly every sector, including data analysts, product managers, portfolio managers, data scientists, quants, clinical trial technicians, and developers, would like more data to drive analytics, train machine learning (ML) models, and make data-driven choices. However, there is no single location where numerous providers' data can be found, and there is no uniformity in how providers send data, leaving them to cope with a variety of supplied physical media, FTP credentials, and custom API queries. Many businesses, on the other hand, would want to make their data available for research or commercial reasons, but building and maintaining data delivery, entitlement, and payment infrastructure is too difficult and expensive, further reducing the availability of important data.

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Ques. 4): How will AWS manage sales and use tax collection and remittances in the United States?

Answer:

You can allow the collection and payment of US sales and use tax when listing your data sets. You may also set up your tax nexus to account for locations where you have a physical presence and have AWS collect the relevant taxes for you. It's a good idea to go over the AWS Marketplace Terms and Conditions for US Tax Collection Support.  

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Ques. 5): What is AWS Data Exchange for APIs and how does it work?

Answer:

Customers may utilise AWS Data Exchange for APIs to identify, subscribe to, and use third-party API products from AWS Data Exchange providers. Customers may use AWS Data Exchange for APIs to perform API calls using AWS-native authentication and governance, standardised API documentation, and supported AWS SDKs. Data providers may now access millions of AWS customers that consume API-based data and manage subscriber identification, entitlement, and invoicing more effectively by adding their APIs to the AWS Data Exchange catalogue.

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Ques. 6): What if I need to delete information from AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

A product's pricing or Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) can be changed or removed at any time, but existing subscriptions will continue until their next renewal. If a data source publishes data that is incorrectly released, you can create a support case to have the data removed.

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Ques. 7): Is it possible for data providers to amend the conditions of the service to which I have subscribed? What impact would this have on my membership and renewal?

Answer:

Yes. Data providers can change the conditions of the offer at any moment, but existing subscriptions will not be affected. AWS Data Exchange will automatically renew subscriptions set to auto-renew at the latest terms given by the provider on or by the renewal date, which may differ from the original subscription terms.

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Ques. 8): Is there a limit to the type of data that may be made public on AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

Yes. Certain types of data are restricted by publishing rules for selling items on AWS Data Exchange and Terms & Conditions for AWS Marketplace Providers. Except for information that is already legally available to the public, such as newspaper articles, open court records, public company filings, or public online profiles, data products listed on AWS Data Exchange may not include information that can be used to identify any person unless a provider is enrolled in the Extended Provider Program.

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Ques. 9): On AWS Data Exchange, what kind of data can I subscribe to?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange now has over 3,000 data products from a variety of industries, including financial services (for example, top US businesses by revenue), healthcare and life sciences (for example, population health management), geospatial (for example, satellite imagery), weather (for example, historical and future temperature trajectories), and mapping (for example, street level imagery and foot traffic patterns). Go to the AWS Data Exchange catalogue for a comprehensive list of data suppliers. Customers can register requests for additional data sources not presently accessible on AWS Data Exchange here.

AWS Cloud Security Interview Questions and Answers

Ques. 10): Who owns the data I'm sharing using AWS Data Exchange as a provider?

Answer:

As an AWS Data Exchange data provider, you maintain control of the data you provide. Each data provider must confirm that they have the legal authority to disseminate the data they publish under the AWS Marketplace Providers Terms and Conditions. Before receiving access to data sets contained in a product, subscribers must legally agree to the Data Subscription Agreement given by the data provider, which stays available for both data providers and subscribers. Where there is evidence of misuse, AWS Data Exchange may advise remedial action in accordance with the AWS acceptable use policy, but it is the data provider's obligation to enforce and administer the conditions of use.

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Ques. 11): When using AWS Data Exchange solutions, how can I stay compliant with applicable data privacy laws?

Answer:

AWS, the data supplier, and the user all share responsibility for security and compliance. The Terms and Conditions for AWS Marketplace Providers, which every data supplier must agree to before listing any data products, provide detailed constraints surrounding qualifying data sets and other associated legal compliance issues. If AWS discovers that these rules have been violated in any manner, the material will be removed from AWS Data Exchange, and the data provider may be removed from the service.

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Ques. 12): Is it necessary for me to package my files in a certain format?

Answer:

You may package files in any file type using AWS Data Exchange, but you should think about what would make it easiest for subscribers to understand the data. Subscribers will be able to conduct queries using Amazon Athena in a cost-effective manner utilising parquet prepared data, for example. Subscribers will need to understand how to interpret binary or other proprietary file formats, which AWS advises addressing in each product description.

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Ques. 13): What is the procedure for making an API call?

Answer:

First, make sure you've subscribed to a product that includes an API data collection. Then go to the asset detail page for the product to see API schemas and code snippets to assist you arrange your API call. You may also use the AWS SDK to have your API calls automatically signed with your AWS credentials.  

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Ques. 14): In AWS Data Exchange, how is data organised?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange organises data into three categories: data sets, modifications, and assets. A data set is a collection of data that is meant to be used together (for example, end of data pricing for equities trading in the US). Revisions to data sets are published when needed by data suppliers to make new assets available. Changes or new data (for example, today's end-of-day pricing), corrections to earlier revisions, or whole new snapshots can all be represented via revisions. Any file that may be saved in Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is considered an asset.  

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Ques. 15): What are the requirements for becoming an AWS Data Exchange data provider?

Answer:

To join AWS Data Exchange, data suppliers must agree to the AWS Marketplace Providers Terms and Conditions ("AWS Marketplace Terms & Conditions"). Data suppliers must utilise a legal corporation based in the United States or a European Union member state, present proper banking and taxation identity, and be approved by the AWS Data Exchange business operations team. Before being granted authorization to advertise data items in the catalogue, each data supplier will be subjected to a thorough evaluation by the AWS Data Exchange team.

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Ques. 16): What is the Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) and how can I specify it?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange offers a Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) form that may be customised to include input from different AWS customers and data sources. You can use this DSA template, copy and alter it with their own terms and conditions, or upload their own DSA to express specific terms. Without any additional alterations, AWS Data Exchange will associate the DSA given for the product.

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Ques. 17): How can I report abusive content or request that information from a product suspected of being abused be removed?

Answer:

You can fill out and submit the form on Report Amazon AWS Abuse if you feel that a data product or AWS Data Exchange resources are being exploited for abusive or unlawful reasons. If AWS discovers that our conditions have been violated in any manner, the subscriber's access to the data product may be revoked, and the data source or subscriber may be barred from using AWS Data Exchange in the future.

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Ques. 18): How can I publish and make data sets available to my subscribers after I've created them?

Answer:

As part of a product, data sets are made available to subscribers. A product is a set of one or more data sets, as well as information that makes the product discoverable in the AWS Data Exchange catalogue, price, and a Data Subscription Agreement that includes terms for your customers.

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Ques. 19): Are there any limitations to the usage of AWS Data Exchange and any data collected through AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

Yes, AWS expressly forbids using AWS Data Exchange for any unlawful or fraudulent purposes. Data may not be utilised in any way that violates an individual's rights or discriminates illegally against others based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, or other similar groupings. Subscribers may not construct, derive, or infer any information pertaining to a person's identity from material acquired through AWS Data Exchange that has been anonymized or aggregated (so that it is no longer connected with an identifiable individual) by the data provider (for example, attempting to triangulate with other data sources).

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Ques. 20): What is the procedure for refunds?

Answer:

Data suppliers are required by AWS Data Exchange to indicate their refund policy, which can be seen on the subscription information page. You must contact the supplier directly for any refund claims. AWS will process and provide the approved refund if a provider authorizes the request.

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Top 20 Apache Struts 2 Interview Questions and Answers

  

Struts 2 is a Java enterprise application framework for constructing web applications. It was created by the Apache Software Foundation. In the year 2006, it was first released. It's written in the Java programming language. It is cross-platform compatible. It is built on the MVC architecture, which is a software design paradigm for creating applications. Struts 2 includes features such as simplified testability, Ajax support, Thread-safety, and Template support, among others.

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Ques. 1): What exactly is Struts2?

Answer:

Apache Struts2 is a Java web application framework that is free source. The OpenSymphony WebWork framework is the foundation for Struts2. It's a significant improvement over Struts1, making it more adaptable, simple to use, and extendable. Action, Interceptors, and Result pages are the three main components of Struts2.

Struts2 offers a variety of options for creating Action classes and configuring them using struts.xml or annotations. For common jobs, we can make our own interceptors. Struts2 includes a large number of tags and makes use of the OGNL expression language. To render result pages, we can design our own type converters. JSPs and FreeMarker templates can be used as result pages.

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Ques. 2): What are some of Struts2's features?

Answer:

Here are some of the fantastic features that can persuade you to use Struts2.

POJO forms and POJO actions − Struts2 has done away with the Action Forms that were an integral part of the Struts framework. With Struts2, you can use any POJO to receive the form input. Similarly, you can now see any POJO as an Action class.

Tag support − Struts2 has improved the form tags and the new tags allow the developers to write less code.

AJAX support − Struts2 has recognised the take over by Web2.0 technologies, and has integrated AJAX support into the product by creating AJAX tags, that function very similar to the standard Struts2 tags.

Easy Integration − Integration with other frameworks like Spring, Tiles and SiteMesh is now easier with a variety of integration available with Struts2.

Template Support − Support for generating views using templates.

Plugin Support − The core Struts2 behaviour can be enhanced and augmented by the use of plugins. A number of plugins are available for Struts2.

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Ques. 3): What's the difference between Struts 1 and Struts 2?

Answer: 

This is a list of the most common Strut 2 interview questions. The action class in Strut 1 is not a POJO, hence it must inherit the abstract class. An action servlet is used as the front controller. Only JSP is used for the component view. A configuration file can be inserted in the WEB-INF directory in section 1. When processing requests, it makes use of the Request Processor class. Actions and models are separated in Strut 1.

The action class in Strut 2 is a POJO, therefore there's no need to inherit any classes or implement any interfaces. For the view component, it has JSP, free-market, and so on. The function controller in strut 2 is the Struts Prepare and Execute filter. In this, a configuration file must be named as struts.xml and placed inside the classes directory. It uses the concept of Interceptors while processing the request. In strut 2, action and models are combined within the action class.

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Ques. 4): In Struct2, What Is The Use Of Struts.properties?

Answer:

This configuration file allows you to override the framework's default behaviour. In fact, all of the properties in the struts.properties configuration file can be defined in the web.xml using the init-param, as well as in the struts.xml configuration file using the constant tag. However, if you prefer to keep things separate and more struts specific, you can create this file in the WEB-INF/classes folder. The default values configured in default.properties, which is included in the struts2-core-x.y.z.jar distribution, will be overridden by the values configured in this file.

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Ques. 5): Explain The Life Cycle Of A Request In Struct2 Application?

Answer :

Following is the life cycle of a request in Struct2 application −

• User sends a request to the server for requesting for some resource (i.e pages).
• The FilterDispatcher looks at the request and then determines the appropriate Action.
• Configured interceptors functionalities applies such as validation, file upload etc.
• Selected action is executed to perform the requested operation.
• Again, configured interceptors are applied to do any post-processing if required.
• Finally the result is prepared by the view and returns the result to the user.

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Ques. 6): What are the inbuilt themes that are provided by strut 2?

Answer:

There are 3 different inbuilt themes:

Simple theme: It is a minimal theme which is having very little content. It means that the text field tag renders the HTML tag without label, validation, error reporting or any other formatting or functionality.

XHTML theme: It is referred to as the default theme used by struts 2 and provides all the basics that a simple theme provides. It adds the other several features like standard two-column table layout for the HTML labels for each of the HTML, validation and error reporting etc.

Css_xhtml theme: This is the theme that provides all the basics that the simple theme provides, and it adds other several features like the standard two-column CSS-based layout and using div tag for HTML struts tags, labels for each of the HTML struts tags and placed according to the CSS style sheet.

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 Ques. 7): What is internationalization and how does it work?

Answer:

This is one of the most common Struts 2 Interview Questions that is asked during an interview. Localization refers to the process of planning and implementing products and services so that they may be easily modified to specific local languages and cultures, whereas internationalization refers to the act of enabling localization.

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Ques. 8): What is the difference between an interceptor and a filter?

Answer:

The interceptors are built around struts 2. It runs for all requests that qualify for a servlet filter front controller and can be customised to run extra interceptors for specific action execution. Interceptor methods can be configured to execute or not to execute using exclude and include methods.

Servlet specifications are used to create the filters. Executes on request and non-configurable method calls if the pattern matches.

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Ques. 9): Explain struts 2's XML-based validation.

Answer:

XML-based validation in Struts 2 adds more validation options, such as email validation, integer range validation, form validation field, expression validation, regex validation, needed validation, string length validation, and necessary string validation, among others. The XML file must be titled 'actionclass'-validation.xml in Struts 2.

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Ques. 10): How Does Validation in Struts 2 Work?

Answer:

When the user clicks the submit button, Struts 2 will run the validate method, and if any of the if statements inside the method are true, Struts 2 will call the addFieldError method. Struts 2 will not proceed to invoke the execute method if any errors have been introduced. The Struts 2 framework, on the other hand, will return input as a result of calling the action.

When validation fails and Struts 2 returns input, the view file is redisplayed by the Struts 2 framework. Because we utilised Struts 2 form tags, the error messages will appear directly above the completed form.

These are the error messages we specified in the call to the addFieldError function. The addFieldError method takes two arguments. The first is the form field name to which the error applies and the second is the error message to display above that form field.

 

Ques. 11): What Types Of Validations Are Available In Xml Based Validation In Struts2?

Answer:

Following is the list of various types of field level and non-field level validation available in Struts2 −

• date validator
• double validator
• email validator
• expression validator
• int validator
• regex validator
• required validator
• requiredstring validator
• stringlength validator
• url validator

 

Ques. 12):  How Does Struts 2's Interceptor Work?

Answer:

The actual action will be performed by calling invocation.invoke() from the interceptor. So, depending on your needs, you can conduct some pre-processing and some post-processing.

The framework initiates the process by using the invoke method on the ActionInvocation object (). When invoke() is called, ActionInvocation consults its state and performs the next available interceptor. The invoke() method will cause the action to be executed once all of the configured interceptors have been invoked.

 

Ques. 13): What Is Value Stack?

Answer :

The value stack is a set of several objects which keeps the following objects in the provided order −

Temporary Objects − There are various temporary objects which are created during execution of a page. For example the current iteration value for a collection being looped over in a JSP tag.

The Model Object − If you are using model objects in your struts application, the current model object is placed before the action on the value stack.

The Action Object − This will be the current action object which is being executed.

Named Objects − These objects include #application, #session, #request, #attr and #parameters and refer to the corresponding servlet scopes.

 

Ques. 14): What Is The Difference Between Valuestack And OGNL?

Answer:

ValueStack is the storage space where Struts2 stores application data for processing client requests. The information is saved in ActionContext objects that use ThreadLocal to store values that are unique to each request thread.

OGNL (Object-Graph Navigation Language) is a sophisticated Expression Language for manipulating data on the ValueStack. Both interceptors and result pages can use OGNL to access data stored on ValueStack, as shown in the architectural diagram.

 

Ques. 15): What Is The Struts-default Package And How Does It Help?

Answer:

Struts-default is an abstract package that specifies all of the Struts2 interceptors as well as the most widely used interceptor stack. To prevent having to configure interceptors twice, it's best to extend this package while configuring our application package. This is provided to assist developers by making the work of configuring interceptor and result pages in our application a lot easier.

 

Ques. 16): What Is The Purpose Of @after Annotation?

Answer :

The @After annotation marks a action method that needs to be called after the main action method and the result was executed. Return value is ignored.

public class Employee extends ActionSupport{

   @After

   public void isValid() throws ValidationException {

      // validate model object, throw exception if failed

   }

   public String execute() {

      // perform secure action

      return SUCCESS;

   }

}

 

Ques. 17): What Is The Purpose Of @before Annotation?

Answer :

The @Before annotation marks a action method that needs to be called before the main action method and the result was executed. Return value is ignored.

public class Employee extends ActionSupport{

   @Before

   public void isAuthorized() throws AuthenticationException {

      // authorize request, throw exception if failed

   }

   public String execute() {

      // perform secure action

      return SUCCESS;

   }

}

 

Ques. 18): What Is The Difference Between Using An Action Interface And Using An Actionsupport Class For Our Action Classes, And Which Would You Prefer?

Answer:

To develop our action classes, we can use the Action interface. This interface only has one function, execute(), which we must implement. The main advantage of utilising this interface is that it includes some constants that can be used on result pages, such as SUCCESS, ERROR, NONE, INPUT, and LOGIN.

The ActionSupport class implements the Action interface by default, as well as interfaces for Validation and i18n support. Action, Validateable, ValidationAware, TextProvider, and LocaleProvider are all implemented by the ActionSupport class. To implement field level validation login in our action classes, we can override the validate() method of the ActionSupport class.

Depending on the requirements, we can use any of the approaches to create struts 2 action classes, my favorite is ActionSupport class because it helps in writing validation and i18n logic easily in action classes.

 

Ques. 19): How Do We Get Servlet Api Requests, Responses, Httpsessions, and Other Objects Into Action Classes?

Answer:

Servlet API components such as Request, Response, and Session are not directly accessible through Struts2 action classes. However, in some action classes, such as checking the HTTP method or adding cookies in the response, these accesses are required.

As a result, the Struts2 API exposes a number of *Aware interfaces through which we can access these objects. Struts2 API injects Servlet API components into action classes using dependency injection. SessionAware, ApplicationAware, ServletRequestAware, and ServletResponseAware are some of the most essential Aware interfaces.

 

Ques. 20): Is Struts2 Interceptors And Action Thread Safe?

Answer:

Because an object is instantiated for each request to process, Struts2 Action classes are thread safe.

Because Struts2 interceptors are singleton classes that launch a new thread to handle the request, they are not thread safe, and we must construct them carefully to avoid any shared data concerns.