Top 20 AWS X-Ray Interview Questions and Answers

Ques. 1): Describe AWS X-Ray.

Answer:

AWS X-Ray aids programmers in the analysis and debugging of distributed, in-use systems like those created with a microservices architecture. In order to pinpoint and resolve the underlying causes of performance problems and failures, you may utilise X-Ray to understand how your application and its supporting services are operating. X-Ray displays a map of the underlying components of your application and offers an end-to-end view of requests as they go through it. From straightforward three-tier apps to intricate microservices projects with thousands of services, you can use X-Ray to examine programmes both in development and in production.

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Ques. 2): How do traces work?

Answer:

A collection of data points with the same trace ID is referred to as an X-Ray trace. For instance, a client's request for your application receives a special trace ID. Through the use of this particular trace ID, the services in your application that handle the request communicate details about it back to X-Ray. A segment is the information that each service in your application sends to X-Ray, and a trace is a group of segments.

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Ques. 3): What AWS services are compatible with X-Ray?

Answer:

Applications running on EC2, ECS, Lambda, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS, and Elastic Beanstalk are compatible with X-Ray. Additionally, when an API request is performed to an AWS service using the AWS SDK, the X-Ray SDK automatically records the information. The X-Ray SDK also offers add-ons for the PostgreSQL and MySQL drivers.

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Ques. 4): Can I use X-Ray to track requests coming from services or apps that are distributed across several regions?

Answer:

Yes, you may use X-Ray to follow requests as they move between apps or services in different regions. The processed region's local copy of the X-ray data is kept, but it contains enough details for client programmes to aggregate it and present a global picture of the traces. AWS services will automatically include region annotation; however, in order to enable cross-region functionality, clients must instrument bespoke services to add the regional annotation.

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Ques. 5): Why do I occasionally only see traces in part?

Answer:

The utmost effort is made by X-Ray to provide comprehensive trace information. However, it is likely that the trace information supplied by the X-Ray APIs will only be partial in some circumstances (connectivity problems, a delay in receiving segments, etc.). When this occurs, X-Ray labels the traces as partial or incomplete.

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Ques. 6): Why ought I to employ X-Ray?

Answer:

To manage requests for your application as they move between different components that make up your application, you currently have to rely on a per-service or per-resource process if you create and execute distributed applications. The many log formats and storage media used by the frameworks, services, and resources that your application consumes or operates on add to the complexity of this issue. Due to this, it is challenging to connect the many bits of information and build a complete picture of a request from the point at which it originates at the end user or service to the point at which a response is delivered by your application. Instead of using a service- or resource-centric approach to track requests made to your application, X-Ray uses a user-centric model. This model enables you to create a user-centric picture of requests as they travel across services and resources. By correlating and aggregating data on your behalf, X-Ray enables you to focus on improving the experience for end-users of your application.

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Ques. 7): Describe a segment.

Answer:

Each data point for a single distributed application component, such the authorisation service, is included in an X-Ray segment. Segments are made up of one or more sub-segments that reflect the remote calls made from the service and contain system-defined and user-defined data in the form of annotations. As an instance, when your application responds to a request by calling a database, it produces a segment for that request and a sub-segment to represent the database call and its outcome. Data like the query, table utilised, date, and error status can be included in the sub-segment.

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Ques. 8): What is an annotation?

Answer:

System-defined or user-defined information connected to a segment is an X-Ray annotation. An annotation may appear more than once in a section. User-defined annotations are metadata that developers contribute to segments, and system-defined annotations are data that AWS services add to the segment. For calls to AWS services, for instance, a segment formed by your application can be automatically injected with region data; however, for connections to non-AWS services, you may opt to manually provide region data.

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Ques. 9): What are errors?

Answer:

System annotations known as X-Ray errors are attached to a segment for a call that receives an error response. The error contains the error message, stack trace, and any other details (such as the version or commit ID) that help link the error to a specific source file.

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Ques. 10): What can I use X-Ray for?

Answer:

Create a service map - By monitoring the requests made to your apps, X-Ray can map the services that are utilised by your application. This gives you a picture of the relationships between the services in your application and makes it possible for you to build a dependency tree, identify services that aren't performing as intended, discover delay or issues while working across AWS Availability Zones or Regions, and more.

Finding faults and problems in your application code is easy with X-Ray since it examines the response code for each request made to your application. This makes it simple to debug application code without having to manually replicate errors or bugs.

Build your own analysis and visualization apps – X-Ray provides a set of query APIs you can use to build your own analysis and visualizations apps that use the data that X-Ray records.

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Ques. 11): Does X-Ray provide an API?

Answer:

Yes, X-Ray offers a collection of APIs for ingesting request data, tracing queries, and service configuration. In addition to the X-Ray apps already available, you may create your own analysis and visualisation programmes using the X-Ray API.

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Ques. 12): What is sampling?

Answer:

When making requests to an application, X-Ray does not always gather data in order to deliver a performant and economical experience. Instead, it gathers information for a sizable enough sample of queries. Because X-Ray cannot ensure data completeness, it should not be utilised as an audit or compliance tool.

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Ques. 13): What modifications to my application's code must I make in order to use X-Ray?

Answer:

You must integrate the language-specific X-Ray libraries into your application code if you're utilising Elastic Beanstalk. You must install the X-Ray agent and instrument your application code for applications running on other AWS services, such as EC2 or ECS.

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Ques. 14): The X-Ray agent: What is it?

Answer:

Data from log files are gathered by the X-Ray agent and sent to the X-Ray service for aggregation, analysis, and storage. Instead of utilising the APIs directly, the agent simplifies the process of sending data to the X-Ray service and is compatible with Windows Server 2012 R2 or later, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and Amazon Linux AMI.

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Ques. 15): Each part of my programme is running on its own AWS account. Can I get data from many AWS accounts using X-Ray?

Answer:

The X-Ray agent can, in fact, take a role to publish data into a different account from the one in which it is now active. This makes it possible for you to publish data from different application components into a main account.

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Ques. 16): What kinds of uses can I make of X-Ray technology?

Answer:

Any size distributed application may utilise X-Ray to track down and troubleshoot both synchronous requests and asynchronous events. For instance, X-Ray may be used to track asynchronous events that employ Amazon SQS queues or HTTP requests sent to a web application.

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Ques. 17): How long does it take X-Ray to make trace data available?

Answer:

Typically, the service receives trace data supplied to X-Ray and makes it accessible for retrieval and filtering within 30 seconds of receiving it.

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Ques. 18): Can I query the trace data back how far? How long are traces stored in X-Ray?

Answer:

For the previous 30 days, X-Ray has stored trace data. You may use this to query data dating back 30 days.

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Ques. 19): How do I get started with X-Ray?

Answer:

Include the X-Ray language SDK in your application and install the X-Ray agent to get started with X-Ray.

June 08, 2022

Top 20 AWS Data Exchange Interview Questions and Answers

Finding, subscribing to, and using third-party data in the cloud is simple using AWS Data Exchange. Reuters, which curates data from over 2.2 million unique news stories per year in multiple languages; Change Healthcare, which processes and anonymizes more than 14 billion healthcare transactions and $1 trillion in claims annually; Dun & Bradstreet, which maintains a database of more than 330 million global business records; and Foursquare, which derives location data from 220 million unique consumers.

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Ques. 1): AWS Data Exchange is accessible in which AWS Regions?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange features a single global product catalogue that suppliers may access from any AWS Region that is supported. Regardless of the Region you're in, you'll see the same catalogue. The product's resources (data sets, revisions, and assets) are regional resources that you may manage programmatically or via the AWS Data Exchange UI in certain AWS Regions.

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Ques. 2): What rules do I have to follow as an AWS Data Exchange for APIs provider?

Answer:

Providers of API-enabled goods must reply to subscriber support requests within one business day, according to the AWS Data Exchange User Guide, in addition to obeying the Terms and Conditions for AWS Marketplace Sellers and the AWS Customer Agreement. If you don't follow the rules, your product may be withdrawn from AWS Data Exchange.

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Ques. 3): What are the most common AWS Data Exchange users?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange allows AWS customers to securely exchange and access data from other parties on AWS. Nearly every sector, including data analysts, product managers, portfolio managers, data scientists, quants, clinical trial technicians, and developers, would like more data to drive analytics, train machine learning (ML) models, and make data-driven choices. However, there is no single location where numerous providers' data can be found, and there is no uniformity in how providers send data, leaving them to cope with a variety of supplied physical media, FTP credentials, and custom API queries. Many businesses, on the other hand, would want to make their data available for research or commercial reasons, but building and maintaining data delivery, entitlement, and payment infrastructure is too difficult and expensive, further reducing the availability of important data.

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Ques. 4): How will AWS manage sales and use tax collection and remittances in the United States?

Answer:

You can allow the collection and payment of US sales and use tax when listing your data sets. You may also set up your tax nexus to account for locations where you have a physical presence and have AWS collect the relevant taxes for you. It's a good idea to go over the AWS Marketplace Terms and Conditions for US Tax Collection Support.

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Ques. 5): What is AWS Data Exchange for APIs and how does it work?

Answer:

Customers may utilise AWS Data Exchange for APIs to identify, subscribe to, and use third-party API products from AWS Data Exchange providers. Customers may use AWS Data Exchange for APIs to perform API calls using AWS-native authentication and governance, standardised API documentation, and supported AWS SDKs. Data providers may now access millions of AWS customers that consume API-based data and manage subscriber identification, entitlement, and invoicing more effectively by adding their APIs to the AWS Data Exchange catalogue.

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Ques. 6): What if I need to delete information from AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

A product's pricing or Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) can be changed or removed at any time, but existing subscriptions will continue until their next renewal. If a data source publishes data that is incorrectly released, you can create a support case to have the data removed.

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Ques. 7): Is it possible for data providers to amend the conditions of the service to which I have subscribed? What impact would this have on my membership and renewal?

Answer:

Yes. Data providers can change the conditions of the offer at any moment, but existing subscriptions will not be affected. AWS Data Exchange will automatically renew subscriptions set to auto-renew at the latest terms given by the provider on or by the renewal date, which may differ from the original subscription terms.

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Ques. 8): Is there a limit to the type of data that may be made public on AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

Yes. Certain types of data are restricted by publishing rules for selling items on AWS Data Exchange and Terms & Conditions for AWS Marketplace Providers. Except for information that is already legally available to the public, such as newspaper articles, open court records, public company filings, or public online profiles, data products listed on AWS Data Exchange may not include information that can be used to identify any person unless a provider is enrolled in the Extended Provider Program.

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Ques. 9): On AWS Data Exchange, what kind of data can I subscribe to?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange now has over 3,000 data products from a variety of industries, including financial services (for example, top US businesses by revenue), healthcare and life sciences (for example, population health management), geospatial (for example, satellite imagery), weather (for example, historical and future temperature trajectories), and mapping (for example, street level imagery and foot traffic patterns). Go to the AWS Data Exchange catalogue for a comprehensive list of data suppliers. Customers can register requests for additional data sources not presently accessible on AWS Data Exchange here.

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Ques. 10): Who owns the data I'm sharing using AWS Data Exchange as a provider?

Answer:

As an AWS Data Exchange data provider, you maintain control of the data you provide. Each data provider must confirm that they have the legal authority to disseminate the data they publish under the AWS Marketplace Providers Terms and Conditions. Before receiving access to data sets contained in a product, subscribers must legally agree to the Data Subscription Agreement given by the data provider, which stays available for both data providers and subscribers. Where there is evidence of misuse, AWS Data Exchange may advise remedial action in accordance with the AWS acceptable use policy, but it is the data provider's obligation to enforce and administer the conditions of use.

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Ques. 11): When using AWS Data Exchange solutions, how can I stay compliant with applicable data privacy laws?

Answer:

AWS, the data supplier, and the user all share responsibility for security and compliance. The Terms and Conditions for AWS Marketplace Providers, which every data supplier must agree to before listing any data products, provide detailed constraints surrounding qualifying data sets and other associated legal compliance issues. If AWS discovers that these rules have been violated in any manner, the material will be removed from AWS Data Exchange, and the data provider may be removed from the service.

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Ques. 12): Is it necessary for me to package my files in a certain format?

Answer:

You may package files in any file type using AWS Data Exchange, but you should think about what would make it easiest for subscribers to understand the data. Subscribers will be able to conduct queries using Amazon Athena in a cost-effective manner utilising parquet prepared data, for example. Subscribers will need to understand how to interpret binary or other proprietary file formats, which AWS advises addressing in each product description.

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Ques. 13): What is the procedure for making an API call?

Answer:

First, make sure you've subscribed to a product that includes an API data collection. Then go to the asset detail page for the product to see API schemas and code snippets to assist you arrange your API call. You may also use the AWS SDK to have your API calls automatically signed with your AWS credentials.

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Ques. 14): In AWS Data Exchange, how is data organised?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange organises data into three categories: data sets, modifications, and assets. A data set is a collection of data that is meant to be used together (for example, end of data pricing for equities trading in the US). Revisions to data sets are published when needed by data suppliers to make new assets available. Changes or new data (for example, today's end-of-day pricing), corrections to earlier revisions, or whole new snapshots can all be represented via revisions. Any file that may be saved in Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is considered an asset.

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Ques. 15): What are the requirements for becoming an AWS Data Exchange data provider?

Answer:

To join AWS Data Exchange, data suppliers must agree to the AWS Marketplace Providers Terms and Conditions ("AWS Marketplace Terms & Conditions"). Data suppliers must utilise a legal corporation based in the United States or a European Union member state, present proper banking and taxation identity, and be approved by the AWS Data Exchange business operations team. Before being granted authorization to advertise data items in the catalogue, each data supplier will be subjected to a thorough evaluation by the AWS Data Exchange team.

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Ques. 16): What is the Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) and how can I specify it?

Answer:

AWS Data Exchange offers a Data Subscription Agreement (DSA) form that may be customised to include input from different AWS customers and data sources. You can use this DSA template, copy and alter it with their own terms and conditions, or upload their own DSA to express specific terms. Without any additional alterations, AWS Data Exchange will associate the DSA given for the product.

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Ques. 17): How can I report abusive content or request that information from a product suspected of being abused be removed?

Answer:

You can fill out and submit the form on Report Amazon AWS Abuse if you feel that a data product or AWS Data Exchange resources are being exploited for abusive or unlawful reasons. If AWS discovers that our conditions have been violated in any manner, the subscriber's access to the data product may be revoked, and the data source or subscriber may be barred from using AWS Data Exchange in the future.

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Ques. 18): How can I publish and make data sets available to my subscribers after I've created them?

Answer:

As part of a product, data sets are made available to subscribers. A product is a set of one or more data sets, as well as information that makes the product discoverable in the AWS Data Exchange catalogue, price, and a Data Subscription Agreement that includes terms for your customers.

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Ques. 19): Are there any limitations to the usage of AWS Data Exchange and any data collected through AWS Data Exchange?

Answer:

Yes, AWS expressly forbids using AWS Data Exchange for any unlawful or fraudulent purposes. Data may not be utilised in any way that violates an individual's rights or discriminates illegally against others based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, or other similar groupings. Subscribers may not construct, derive, or infer any information pertaining to a person's identity from material acquired through AWS Data Exchange that has been anonymized or aggregated (so that it is no longer connected with an identifiable individual) by the data provider (for example, attempting to triangulate with other data sources).

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Ques. 20): What is the procedure for refunds?

Answer:

Data suppliers are required by AWS Data Exchange to indicate their refund policy, which can be seen on the subscription information page. You must contact the supplier directly for any refund claims. AWS will process and provide the approved refund if a provider authorizes the request.

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Top 20 Amazon OpenSearch Interview Questions and Answers

Amazon OpenSearch Service is used to do interactive log analytics, real-time application monitoring, internet search, and other tasks. OpenSearch is a distributed search and analytics package based on Elasticsearch that is open source. Amazon OpenSearch Service is the successor of Amazon Elasticsearch Service, and it includes the most recent versions of OpenSearch, as well as support for 19 different versions of Elasticsearch (from 1.5 to 7.10), as well as visualisation features via OpenSearch Dashboards and Kibana (1.5 to 7.10 versions).

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Ques. 1): What is an Amazon OpenSearch Service domain?

Answer:

Elasticsearch (1.5 to 7.10) or OpenSearch clusters built with the Amazon OpenSearch Service dashboard, CLI, or API are considered Amazon OpenSearch Service domains. Each domain is a cloud-based OpenSearch or Elasticsearch cluster with the computation and storage resources you choose. Domains may be created and deleted, infrastructure attributes can be defined, and access and security can be controlled. One or more Amazon OpenSearch Service domains can be used.

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Ques. 2): Why should I store my items in cold storage?

Answer:

Cold storage allows you to increase the data you wish to examine on Amazon OpenSearch Service at a lower cost and acquire significant insights into data that was previously purged or archived. If you need to undertake research or forensic analysis on older data and want to access all of the features of Amazon OpenSearch Service at an affordable price, cold storage is a wonderful choice. Cold storage is designed for large-scale deployments and is supported by Amazon S3. Find and discover the data you want, then link it to your cluster's UltraWarm nodes and make it available for analysis in seconds. The same fine-grained access control restrictions that limit access at the index, document, and field level apply to attached cold data.

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Ques. 3): What types of error logs does Amazon OpenSearch Service expose?

Answer:

OpenSearch makes use of Apache Log4j 2 and its built-in log levels of TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, and FATAL (from least to most severe). If you enable error logs, Amazon OpenSearch Service sends WARN, ERROR, and FATAL log lines to CloudWatch, as well as select failures from the DEBUG level.

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Ques. 4): Is it true that enabling slow logs in Amazon OpenSearch Service also enables logging for all indexes?

Answer:

No. When slow logs are enabled in Amazon OpenSearch Service, the option to publish the generated logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs for indices in the provided domain becomes available. However, in order to begin the logging process, you must first adjust the parameters for one or more indices.

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Ques. 5): Is it possible to make more snapshots of my Amazon OpenSearch Service domains as needed?

Answer:

Yes. In addition to the daily-automated snapshots made by Amazon OpenSearch Service, you may utilise the snapshot API to make extra manual snapshots. Manual snapshots are saved in your S3 bucket and are subject to Amazon S3 use fees.

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Ques. 6): Is there any performance data available from Amazon OpenSearch Service via Amazon CloudWatch?

Answer:

Yes. Several performance indicators for data and master nodes are exposed by Amazon CloudWatch, including number of nodes, cluster health, searchable documents, EBS metrics (if relevant), CPU, memory, and disc use.

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Ques. 7): Can my Amazon OpenSearch Service domains be accessed by applications operating on servers in my own data centre?

Answer:

Yes. Through a public endpoint, applications having public Internet access can access Amazon OpenSearch Service domains. You can utilise VPC access if your data centre is already linked to Amazon VPC using Direct Connect or SSH tunnelling. In both circumstances, you may use IAM rules and security groups to grant access to your Amazon OpenSearch Service domains to applications operating on non-AWS servers.

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Ques. 8): How does Amazon OpenSearch Service handle AZ outages and instance failures?

Answer:

When one or more instances in an AZ become unavailable or unusable, Amazon OpenSearch Service attempts to put up new instances in the same AZ to take their place. If the domain has been set to deploy instances over several AZs, and fresh instances cannot be brought up in the AZ, Amazon OpenSearch Service brings up new instances in the other available AZs. When the AZ problem is resolved, Amazon OpenSearch Service rebalances the instances so that they are evenly distributed among the domain's AZs.

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Ques. 9): What is the distribution of dedicated master instances among AZs?

Answer:

When you deploy your data instances in a single AZ, you must also deploy your dedicated master instances in the same AZ. If you divide your data instances over two or three AZs, Amazon OpenSearch Service distributes the dedicated master instances across three AZs automatically. If a region only has two AZs, or if you choose an older-generation instance type for the master instances that isn't accessible in all AZs, this rule does not apply.

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Ques. 10): Is it possible to integrate Amazon OpenSearch Service with Logstash?

Answer:

Yes. Logstash is compatible with Amazon OpenSearch Service. You may use your Amazon OpenSearch Service domain as the backend repository for all Logstash logs. You may use request signing to authenticate calls from your Logstash implementation or resource-based IAM policies to include IP addresses of instances running your Logstash implementation when configuring access control on your Amazon OpenSearch Service domain.

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Ques. 11): What does the Amazon OpenSearch Service accomplish for me?

Answer:

From delivering infrastructure capacity in the network environment you require to installing the OpenSearch or Elasticsearch software, Amazon OpenSearch Service automates the work needed in setting up a domain. Once your domain is up and running, Amazon OpenSearch Service automates standard administration chores like backups, instance monitoring, and software patching. The Amazon OpenSearch Service and Amazon CloudWatch work together to provide metrics that offer information about the condition of domains. To make customising your domain to your application's needs easier, Amazon OpenSearch Service provides tools to adjust your domain instance and storage settings.

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Ques. 12): What data sources is Trace Analytics compatible with?

Answer:

Trace Analytics now enables the collection of trace data from open source OpenTelemetry Collector-compatible application libraries and SDKs, such as the Jaeger, Zipkin, and X-Ray SDKs. AWS Distro for OpenTelemetry, a distribution of OpenTelemetry APIs, SDKs, and agents/collectors, is also integrated with Trace Analytics. It is an AWS-supported, high-performance and secure distribution of OpenTelemetry components that has been tested for production usage. Customers may utilise AWS Distro for OpenTelemetry to gather traces and metrics for a variety of monitoring solutions, including Amazon OpenSearch Service, AWS X-Ray, and Amazon CloudWatch for trace data and metrics, respectively.

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Ques. 13): What is the relationship between Open Distro for Elasticsearch and the Amazon OpenSearch Service?

Answer:

Open Distro for Elasticsearch has a new home in the OpenSearch project. Amazon OpenSearch Service now supports OpenSearch and provides capabilities such as corporate security, alerting, machine learning, SQL, index state management, and more that were previously only accessible through Open Distro.

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Ques. 14): What are UltraWarm's performance characteristics?

Answer:

UltraWarm implements granular I/O caching, prefetching, and query engine improvements in OpenSearch Dashboards and Kibana to give performance comparable to high-density installations using local storage.

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Ques. 15): Is it possible to cancel a Reserved Instance?

Answer:

No, Reserved Instances cannot be cancelled, and the one-time payment (if applicable) and discounted hourly usage rate (if applicable) are non-refundable. You also won't be able to move the Reserved Instance to another account. Regardless matter how much time you use your Reserved Instance, you must pay for each hour.

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Ques. 16): What happens to my reservation if I scale my Reserved Instance up or down?

Answer:

Each Reserved Instance is linked to the instance type and region that you choose. You will not receive lower pricing if you change the instance type in the Region where you have the Reserved Instance. You must double-check that your reservation corresponds to the instance type you intend to utilise.

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Ques. 17): For the Amazon OpenSearch Service, what constitutes billable instance hours?

Answer:

Instance hours are invoiced for each hour your instance is running in an available state on Amazon OpenSearch Service. To prevent being paid for extra instance hours, you must deactivate the domain if you no longer want to be charged for your Amazon OpenSearch Service instance. Instance hours utilised in part by Amazon OpenSearch Service are invoiced as full hours.

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Ques. 18): Is it possible to update the domain swiftly without losing any data?

Answer:

No. All of the data in your cluster is recovered as part of the in-place version upgrading procedure. You can take a snapshot of your data, erase all your indexes from the domain, and then do an in-place version upgrade if you simply want to upgrade the domain. You may also establish a new domain using the newest version and then restore your data to that domain.

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Ques. 19): How does Amazon OpenSearch Service protect itself from problems that may arise during version upgrades?

Answer:

Before triggering the update, Amazon OpenSearch Service conducts a series of checks to look for known problems that might prevent the upgrade. If no problems are found, the service takes a snapshot of the domain and, if the snapshot is successful, begins the upgrading process. If there are any problems with any of the stages, the upgrade will not take place.

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Ques. 20): When logging is turned on or off, will the cluster experience any downtime?

Answer:

No. There will be no lulls in the action. We will install a new cluster in the background every time the log status is changed, and replace the old cluster with the new one. There will be no downtime as a result of this procedure. However, because a new cluster has been installed, the log status will not be updated immediately.

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