Showing posts with label amazon web services. Show all posts
Showing posts with label amazon web services. Show all posts

November 14, 2022

Top 20 AWS Outposts Interview Questions and Answers

 

 

Ques. 1): Why not use the AWS Outposts rack instead of operating in an AWS Region?

Answer:

The Outposts rack can accommodate applications that need low latency or local data processing. These programmes could need to interact with other local programmes, control local hardware, or reply to user requests extremely immediately. Real-time patient diagnostics or medical imaging workloads, multimedia and video streaming, and automated industrial operations are a few examples. To securely store and process client data that requires be on-site or in countries without an AWS Region, a rack can be utilised. You can run data intensive workloads on Outposts rack and process data locally when transmitting data to AWS Regions is expensive and wasteful and for better control on data analysis, backup and restore.

 

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Ques. 2): Can I use Outposts rack when it is not connected to the AWS Region or in a disconnected environment?

Answer:

An Outpost must be connected to its parent AWS Region. For circumstances with little to no connection or for disconnected operations, Outposts Rack is not designed. Our advice is that customers have highly accessible networking links back to their AWS Region. If you're interested in utilising AWS services in disconnected environments like cruise ships or remote mining areas, find out more about AWS services like Snowball Edge, which are optimised to operate in circumstances with little to no connection.

 

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Ques. 3): Which S3 use cases are most suited for Outposts?

Answer:

Customers in regulated industries or those who need to store and process client data securely on-site or in locations outside an AWS region should utilise S3 on Outposts. Customers may now perform data-intensive processes for local data processing and on-premises storage using S3 on Outposts. S3 on Outposts will also be beneficial if your applications need to communicate with other on-premises systems or control equipment that is located on-site, such as in a factory, hospital, or research institution.


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Ques. 4): Can I add my own hardware to my Outposts rack as a component?

Answer:

In order to give the greatest AWS experience possible, the AWS Outposts rack offers fully integrated AWS-designed configurations with integrated top-of-rack switches and redundant power supplies. You can order as much compute and storage infrastructure as you need by selecting from the variety of Outposts rack options, or you can work with us to create a unique combination using Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS), and Amazon Simple Storage Service that has the capacity you want (S3). You don't need to do any further setup because they have already been verified and tested, so you can start using them straight away.


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Ques. 5): Is resource sharing supported by the AWS Outposts rack?

Answer:

Yes. Using the AWS Resource Access Manager (RAM) tool, you may share your AWS resources with any other AWS account or with other people who are a part of your AWS Organization. With RAM support, the Outpost owner may centrally create, manage, and distribute Outpost resources including EC2 instances, EBS volumes, subnets, and local gateways (LGWs) among several AWS accounts inside the same AWS organisation. Others may now launch and run instances, build up VPCs, and create EBS volumes using the shared Outpost.


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Ques. 6): Who is responsible for the physical security of the Outposts rack in my datacenter?

Answer:

AWS provides services that provide data encryption both while usage and during transport, in addition to other highly technical security features and auditing methods. Additionally, a Nitro Security Key is physically attached to customer data. When the device is destroyed, the data is also destroyed. As part of the shared responsibility approach, customers are required to confirm that the Outpost is physically secure, that access restrictions are in place, and that it complies with all stated environmental criteria for facility, networking, and electricity. Before returning the Outposts rack hardware, the Nitro Security Key will be removed to make sure that all client data has been cryptographically erased.


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Ques. 7): What kind of control plane data is returned to the primary AWS Region?

Answer:

Examples include relaying information about instance health, activity (started, stopped), and the underlying hypervisor system to the parent AWS Region. This information may be used by AWS to inform customers of the capacity and condition of their instances, as well as to maintain and improve the Outpost. Your team does not need to develop its own tooling in order to maintain these components and actively issue security updates and patches for your Outpost. For administrative and reporting purposes, certain metrics and bucket names from S3 on Outposts data management and telemetry may be kept in the AWS Region. When the link is lost, this data cannot be sent back to the parent Region.


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Ques. 8): Can I order an Outpost from a country or territory where the Outposts rack has not yet debuted and attach it back to a supported Region?

Answer:

No, we are only able to transport and install Outposts rack in countries and territories that permit its shipping and support.


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Ques. 9): EBS snapshots are kept where?

Answer:

Amazon S3 in the Region is the default destination for storing EBS snapshots of EBS Volumes on Outposts rack. If Amazon S3 is enabled on Outposts, you have the option of storing your snapshots locally on your Outpost. Since EBS snapshots are incremental, they only save the blocks on your Outpost that have changed since your most recent snapshot. The recorded snapshots may always be used to restore (hydrate) the EBS Volume on Outposts.


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Ques. 10): Is AWS Outposts Rack GxP compliant?

Answer:

Yes, the AWS Outposts rack adheres to GxP. AWS Outposts expand AWS services to AWS-managed equipment that is situated physically at a client site. Outposts rack capacity may be accessed locally utilising a local gateway that is routed to the customer's local network in addition to having a connection channel back to the AWS Region. The planning and verification of GxP compliance is the responsibility of life sciences companies using AWS services that are subject to GxP standards.


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Ques. 11): Can Outposts rack handle real-time applications with low-latency requirements?

Answer:

Yes, you may use Amazon RDS on Outposts to host managed Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL databases locally for low latency workloads that need to be close to locally stored data and applications. You can manage RDS databases both locally and in the cloud using the same AWS Management Console, APIs, and CLI. Real-time applications for extremely low-latency workloads, such as workloads operating on factory floors for automated manufacturing processes, real-time medical diagnostics, and media streaming, are made possible by ElastiCache on Outposts, which enables sub-millisecond responses.


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Ques. 12): Do the same compliance certifications for Outposts Rack services as for AWS Services now apply?

Answer:

In addition to being HIPAA, PCI, SOC, ISMAP, IRAP, and FINMA compliant, the AWS Outposts rack is also ISO, CSA STAR, and HITRUST certified. In the following months, we plan to add more compliance certifications. You may examine the most recent certification status for AWS Services on Outposts rack on our Services in Scope page. Due to their achievement of certifications like PCI, RDS and Elasticache Redis, two AWS Services on Outposts rack, are recognised as certified on Outposts rack. Because AWS Outpost racks are housed inside the customer's data centre, the customer is in charge of the physical security and access controls around the Outpost for compliance certification under the AWS Shared Responsibility model.


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Ques. 13): Exist any prerequisites before I can set up my Outposts 42U racks?

Answer:

Your site must satisfy the basic power, networking, and space requirements in order to host an Outpost. An Outposts rack can support uplink rates of 1-10-40-100 Gbps, consumes 5-15 kVA, and has space for a 42U rack (80" x 24" x 48"). Outposts rack needs consistent network connections to the AWS Region, therefore be prepared for a public internet connection. Enterprise Service or Enterprise On-Ramp Help, which provides 24/7 remote support within 15 or 30 minutes depending on the Support package selected, is what customers require.


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Ques. 14): Will the servers I have now function in an Outpost?

Answer:

No, the AWS Outposts rack depends on AWS infrastructure, and it is only supported on AWS hardware, which is designed for reliable, secure, and safe operations.


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Ques. 15): What is the status of AWS Outposts' FedRAMP authorization?

Answer:

FedRAMP has given AWS Outposts permission, but not for the service's hardware components. Customers are in charge of keeping up the physical and environmental security measures required to keep AWS Outposts secure while they are on their property. Depending on their level of risk tolerance, customers and agencies can choose to use AWS Outposts or can execute a Type Accreditation to check the hardware components of AWS Outposts before utilising them to run FedRAMP applications. Access to earlier evaluation results from the AWS Third Party Assessment Organization is made available by CapLinked.

 

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Ques. 16): How can AWS assist in expanding the capacity of current Outposts?

Answer:

You may expand the computation and storage capacity of your AWS Outposts rack using two different methods. By first installing more Outposts racks from the Outposts rack catalogue, you may enhance capacity. Second, you can go from a "small" to a "medium" or "large" configuration, or from a "medium" to a "large" configuration, if your current Outposts racks have available power and places inside the rack. The highest amount of compute and storage capacity that can be added to a rack that can handle 10KVA to 15KVA power consumption is double that amount. Note: The 42U Outposts form factor cannot accommodate the installation of the 1U and 2U Outposts servers.

 

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Ques. 17): How is the AWS Outposts rack infrastructure maintained?

Answer:

AWS will monitor your Outpost as a part of the public Region once it has been installed and is accessible in the AWS Management Console. AWS will also carry out software updates and patches automatically.

If physical maintenance is required, AWS will get in touch to arrange a visit to your facility. AWS may swap out a specific module if necessary, but it won't service customers' hosts or network switches there.

 

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Ques. 18): Using EBS Local Snapshots on Outposts, how do I ensure data residency on the Outposts rack?

Answer:

To ensure data residency, you may establish resource-level IAM policies and permissions on your Outpost for EBS Local Snapshots on Outposts and AMI images. A data residency enforcement policy may be put up by each account (or IAM user or role) for one or more Outposts. This will prevent both API/CLI requests made beyond the defined Outposts rack ARN as well as the creation or copying of local snapshots and images. You can track that local snapshots are present at your location since all create, update, and copy actions are recorded in CloudTrail audit logs.

 

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Ques. 19): Can Outposts Rack satisfy the criteria for data residency?

Answer:

Yes. Using Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) on Outposts, in the client's on-premises site or a designated co-location facility, customer data may be set to remain on the rack. The data residency needs that we hear from our clients the most frequently are addressed by well-architected apps that use Outposts Rack and AWS services and capabilities. You may manage access to AWS resources using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM). You may determine which kinds of data must stay on Outposts rack and cannot be duplicated to the AWS Region using IAM and granular data control rules. By default, S3 on Outposts keeps data on your Outpost, and depending on your particular residency needs, you may decide to duplicate all or a portion of your data to other AWS Regions. You may safely process client data locally on the Outposts rack using ElastiCache on Outposts. There will be a small amount of restricted meta-data that flows back to the AWS Region, such as instance IDs, monitoring metrics, metering records, tags, bucket names, etc.

We advise you to confirm and coordinate closely with your compliance and security teams to make sure your particular data residency needs are satisfied.

 

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Ques. 20): On the Outposts rack, which EC2 instances are available?

Answer:

AWS Outposts rack supports EC2 instances built on the AWS Nitro System for general purpose, compute, memory, storage, and GPU optimization with Intel Xeon Scalable processors, and Graviton processors based EC2 instances are on the way.

 

 

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AWS Wavelength Interview Questions and Answers



November 13, 2022

Top 20 AWS Wavelength Interview Questions and Answers

  

 

Ques. 1): AWS Wavelength: What is it?

Answer:

For developers to innovate and create a new class of apps, AWS Wavelength blends the high bandwidth and ultralow latency of 5G networks with AWS computation and storage capabilities. In collaboration with Verizon in the US, KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea, Vodafone in the UK and Germany, and Bell in Canada, Wavelength Zones are accessible.

 

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Ques. 2): What types of AWS Wavelength workloads are examples?

Answer:

Emerging interactive applications such video inference using machine learning (ML), live video streaming, and game streaming. For end users and devices connecting over mobile networks, these workloads demand computing and storage near to the edge. Additionally, to meet the demands for application performance, use cases like industrial automation, smart cities, IoT, and autonomous cars need data processing and retrieval near to the edge. AWS Wavelength and Wavelength Zones can help with any of these use cases.

 

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Ques. 3) What is exactly the wavelength zone?

Answer:

Application traffic can reach application servers running in Wavelength Zones without leaving the mobile providers' network thanks to AWS infrastructure deployments called Wavelength Zones, which embed AWS compute and storage services within telecommunications providers' data centres at the edge of the 5G network. Customers are able to fully utilise 5G networks since the delay brought on by several hops to the internet is avoided. Wavelength Zones bring AWS to the 5G edge and provide a unified developer experience for all 5G networks worldwide. Additionally, Wavelength Zones enable developers to utilise the same well-known AWS services, APIs, tools, and capabilities they currently use today to create the next generation of ultra-low latency apps.


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Ques. 4): Why should I use the AWS Wavelength?

Answer:

Because computation and storage are located directly within the 5G networks of the telecom providers, AWS Wavelength enables you to connect your device on the 5G network to the resources for your application on the AWS cloud with the fewest number of network hops. By avoiding longer paths or network congestion that would be needed to reach application resources outside of the 5G network, this decreases latency.

This makes it possible for new sorts of latency-sensitive, compute-intensive applications. For instance, smart industrial robots monitoring and responding to plant conditions in a hazardous manufacturing environment, a fleet of autonomous vehicles interacting with road sensors to prevent collisions, or retailers delivering tailored promotions to customers' mobile phones in real time as they pass product displays.


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Ques. 5): What are the benefits of AWS Wavelength?

Answer:

Wavelength brings the power of AWS to the network edge to enable latency sensitive use cases requiring near real-time responses. Processing at the network edge can help avoid transmitting large volumes of data over the network provider’s infrastructure, and offload processing from mobile device hardware.


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Ques. 6): What kinds of Amazon EC2 instances are offered?

Answer:

For edge workloads, Wavelength supports the instance types t3.medium, t3.xlarge, and r5.

For applications needing efficient general purpose computing, use 2xlarge; g4dn.

2xlarge for GPU-required applications like edge ML inference and gaming streaming. EBS is used to power all EC2 instances. The parent Region houses Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) and snapshots of EBS volumes. You can only purchase On-Demand EC2 Instances; Reserved Instances are not available for purchase in Wavelength Zones.


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Ques. 7): Can I deploy apps to 4G/LTE devices using Wavelength Zones?

Answer:

Yes. Application servers on Wavelength Zones are accessible by 4G/LTE mobile phones and other devices connected through 4G/LTE networks. These apps gain advantages by using the co-located computational architecture of the mobile network.


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Ques. 8): Who should use AWS Wavelength?

Answer:

When you need to build high-performance apps that are accessed by mobile end users and devices that require single digit millisecond latency, you should utilise AWS Wavelength. Wavelength enables AWS companies to reach end users with millisecond-level connections when developing public apps like game streaming and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) services, improving user experience and application speed.

Wavelength offers low-latency solutions for use cases including the Internet of Things (IoT), live video creation, and industrial automation to AWS commercial clients. Customers may utilise Wavelength to execute low-latency operations and processing precisely where their data is created if they have demands for edge data processing such as image and video recognition, inference, data aggregation, and responsive analytics.


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Ques. 9): How can I begin using AWS Wavelength?

Answer:

Wavelength Zones are extensions of an AWS Region, which reduces the requirement for you to redesign your application's architecture in order to minimise latency by letting you continue to utilise the same AWS tools and capabilities you do today. All you have to do is choose your Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) in the VPC console if you already have an application running. Select the option to build a subnet in a Wavelength Zone from the Actions menu. Wavelength Zones are enabled by default for all carriers and locations accessible in the Region, albeit you can choose only a few. You may create subnets for each Wavelength Zone using the wizard.


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Ques. 10): Is it possible to reserve Amazon EC2 capacity in a Wavelength Zone?

Answer:

To reserve space for your Amazon EC2 instances in a Wavelength Zone, utilise On-Demand Capacity Reservations.


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Ques. 11): Which AWS services are offered by AWS Wavelength?

Answer:

In Wavelength Zones, you may set up Amazon EC2 instances, Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes, Amazon VPC subnets, and carrier gateways. Additionally, you may employ services that coordinate or interact with EC2, EBS, and VPC. These include AWS CloudFormation, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, Amazon EKS and ECS clusters, AWS CloudWatch, AWS CloudTrail, and AWS EC2 Systems Manager. The Wavelength services are a part of a VPC that is connected to an AWS Region through a dependable, high-bandwidth connection, making it simple to access services like Amazon DynamoDB and Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS).


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Ques. 12): What pricing schemes do Wavelength Zones for Amazon EC2 support?

Answer:

In Wavelength Zones, there are two methods to pay for Amazon EC2 instances: Savings plans and on-demand.


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Ques. 13): How should I think about when to use AWS Wavelength, AWS Local Zones, or AWS Outposts for applications requiring low latency or local data processing?

Answer:

Wherever they are deployed, AWS assists customers in providing a consistent experience to serve applications with low latency requirements or local data processing needs.

By extending AWS infrastructure, services, APIs, and tools to 5G networks, AWS Wavelength is intended to enable ultra-low latency applications to 5G devices. In order to assist developers in creating new applications for 5G end users needing single-digit millisecond latency, such as IoT devices, game streaming, autonomous cars, and live video creation, Wavelength embeds storage and computing into telecom providers' 5G networks.

AWS Local Zones are a new kind of AWS infrastructure created to handle workloads that need single-digit millisecond latency in more places, such as virtual desktop apps with heavy graphics. Some customers may not want to manage their own on-site data centre, while others could choose to completely do away with their nearby data centre. Customers may benefit from operating computing and storage resources closer to end users by using Local Zones without having to own and manage their own data centre infrastructure.

In order to function smoothly alongside customers' AWS workloads, AWS Outposts is made for workloads that must remain on-premises owing to latency limitations. AWS Outposts are fully managed and configurable compute and storage racks built with AWS-designed hardware, which allows customers to run compute and storage on-premises while seamlessly connecting to AWS’s broad array of cloud services.

 

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Ques. 14): How can I get help for using AWS Wavelength to operate AWS services?

Answer:

To obtain assistance with AWS services operating in Wavelength Zones, open a case with AWS Support.


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Ques. 15): How do I see my usage in Wavelength Zones?

Answer:

Utilization may be filtered by Availability Zone, including Wavelength Zones, using the AWS Cost Explorer.

 

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Top 20 AWS X-Ray Interview Questions and Answers

 

 

Ques. 1): Describe AWS X-Ray.

Answer:

AWS X-Ray aids programmers in the analysis and debugging of distributed, in-use systems like those created with a microservices architecture. In order to pinpoint and resolve the underlying causes of performance problems and failures, you may utilise X-Ray to understand how your application and its supporting services are operating. X-Ray displays a map of the underlying components of your application and offers an end-to-end view of requests as they go through it. From straightforward three-tier apps to intricate microservices projects with thousands of services, you can use X-Ray to examine programmes both in development and in production.

 

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Ques. 2): How do traces work?

Answer:

A collection of data points with the same trace ID is referred to as an X-Ray trace. For instance, a client's request for your application receives a special trace ID. Through the use of this particular trace ID, the services in your application that handle the request communicate details about it back to X-Ray. A segment is the information that each service in your application sends to X-Ray, and a trace is a group of segments.

 

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Ques. 3): What AWS services are compatible with X-Ray?

Answer:

Applications running on EC2, ECS, Lambda, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS, and Elastic Beanstalk are compatible with X-Ray. Additionally, when an API request is performed to an AWS service using the AWS SDK, the X-Ray SDK automatically records the information. The X-Ray SDK also offers add-ons for the PostgreSQL and MySQL drivers.

 

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Ques. 4): Can I use X-Ray to track requests coming from services or apps that are distributed across several regions?

Answer:

Yes, you may use X-Ray to follow requests as they move between apps or services in different regions. The processed region's local copy of the X-ray data is kept, but it contains enough details for client programmes to aggregate it and present a global picture of the traces. AWS services will automatically include region annotation; however, in order to enable cross-region functionality, clients must instrument bespoke services to add the regional annotation.


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Ques. 5): Why do I occasionally only see traces in part?

Answer:

The utmost effort is made by X-Ray to provide comprehensive trace information. However, it is likely that the trace information supplied by the X-Ray APIs will only be partial in some circumstances (connectivity problems, a delay in receiving segments, etc.). When this occurs, X-Ray labels the traces as partial or incomplete.


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Ques. 6): Why ought I to employ X-Ray? 

Answer:

To manage requests for your application as they move between different components that make up your application, you currently have to rely on a per-service or per-resource process if you create and execute distributed applications. The many log formats and storage media used by the frameworks, services, and resources that your application consumes or operates on add to the complexity of this issue. Due to this, it is challenging to connect the many bits of information and build a complete picture of a request from the point at which it originates at the end user or service to the point at which a response is delivered by your application. Instead of using a service- or resource-centric approach to track requests made to your application, X-Ray uses a user-centric model. This model enables you to create a user-centric picture of requests as they travel across services and resources. By correlating and aggregating data on your behalf, X-Ray enables you to focus on improving the experience for end-users of your application.


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Ques. 7): Describe a segment.

Answer:

Each data point for a single distributed application component, such the authorisation service, is included in an X-Ray segment. Segments are made up of one or more sub-segments that reflect the remote calls made from the service and contain system-defined and user-defined data in the form of annotations. As an instance, when your application responds to a request by calling a database, it produces a segment for that request and a sub-segment to represent the database call and its outcome. Data like the query, table utilised, date, and error status can be included in the sub-segment.

 

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Ques. 8): What is an annotation?

Answer:

System-defined or user-defined information connected to a segment is an X-Ray annotation. An annotation may appear more than once in a section. User-defined annotations are metadata that developers contribute to segments, and system-defined annotations are data that AWS services add to the segment. For calls to AWS services, for instance, a segment formed by your application can be automatically injected with region data; however, for connections to non-AWS services, you may opt to manually provide region data.


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Ques. 9): What are errors?

Answer:

System annotations known as X-Ray errors are attached to a segment for a call that receives an error response. The error contains the error message, stack trace, and any other details (such as the version or commit ID) that help link the error to a specific source file.


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Ques. 10): What can I use X-Ray for?

Answer:

Create a service map - By monitoring the requests made to your apps, X-Ray can map the services that are utilised by your application. This gives you a picture of the relationships between the services in your application and makes it possible for you to build a dependency tree, identify services that aren't performing as intended, discover delay or issues while working across AWS Availability Zones or Regions, and more.

Finding faults and problems in your application code is easy with X-Ray since it examines the response code for each request made to your application. This makes it simple to debug application code without having to manually replicate errors or bugs.

Build your own analysis and visualization apps – X-Ray provides a set of query APIs you can use to build your own analysis and visualizations apps that use the data that X-Ray records.


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Ques. 11): Does X-Ray provide an API?

Answer:

Yes, X-Ray offers a collection of APIs for ingesting request data, tracing queries, and service configuration. In addition to the X-Ray apps already available, you may create your own analysis and visualisation programmes using the X-Ray API.


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Ques. 12): What is sampling?

Answer:

When making requests to an application, X-Ray does not always gather data in order to deliver a performant and economical experience. Instead, it gathers information for a sizable enough sample of queries. Because X-Ray cannot ensure data completeness, it should not be utilised as an audit or compliance tool.

 

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Ques. 13): What modifications to my application's code must I make in order to use X-Ray?

Answer:

You must integrate the language-specific X-Ray libraries into your application code if you're utilising Elastic Beanstalk. You must install the X-Ray agent and instrument your application code for applications running on other AWS services, such as EC2 or ECS.

 

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Ques. 14): The X-Ray agent: What is it?

Answer:

Data from log files are gathered by the X-Ray agent and sent to the X-Ray service for aggregation, analysis, and storage. Instead of utilising the APIs directly, the agent simplifies the process of sending data to the X-Ray service and is compatible with Windows Server 2012 R2 or later, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and Amazon Linux AMI.

 

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Ques. 15): Each part of my programme is running on its own AWS account. Can I get data from many AWS accounts using X-Ray?

Answer:

The X-Ray agent can, in fact, take a role to publish data into a different account from the one in which it is now active. This makes it possible for you to publish data from different application components into a main account.

 

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Ques. 16): What kinds of uses can I make of X-Ray technology?

Answer:

Any size distributed application may utilise X-Ray to track down and troubleshoot both synchronous requests and asynchronous events. For instance, X-Ray may be used to track asynchronous events that employ Amazon SQS queues or HTTP requests sent to a web application.

 

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Ques. 17): How long does it take X-Ray to make trace data available?

Answer:

Typically, the service receives trace data supplied to X-Ray and makes it accessible for retrieval and filtering within 30 seconds of receiving it.

 

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Ques. 18): Can I query the trace data back how far? How long are traces stored in X-Ray?

Answer:

For the previous 30 days, X-Ray has stored trace data. You may use this to query data dating back 30 days.

 

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Ques. 19): How do I get started with X-Ray?

Answer:

Include the X-Ray language SDK in your application and install the X-Ray agent to get started with X-Ray.

 

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