Top 20 AWS WorkSpaces Interview Questions and Answers

A controlled, secure cloud desktop solution is Amazon WorkSpaces. With the help of Amazon WorkSpaces, you can easily scale to give thousands of desktops to workers around the world in either Windows, Amazon Linux, or Ubuntu Linux. When compared to conventional desktops and on-premises Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) solutions, you can choose to pay either monthly or hourly, simply for the WorkSpaces you deploy. Your desktop delivery strategy is made simpler by using Amazon WorkSpaces to help you manage inventory, OS versions and patches, and VDI with less complexity. Your users may access their preferred desktop quickly and easily from any compatible device at any time thanks to Amazon WorkSpaces.

Ques. 1): An Amazon WorkSpace is what?

Answer:

A cloud-based virtual desktop called an Amazon WorkSpace can take the place of a conventional desktop. A WorkSpace is a collection of an operating system, computing power, storage area, and software programmes that enables users to carry out daily chores similarly to utilising a traditional desktop.

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Ques. 2): How do I begin using Amazon WorkSpaces?

Answer:

You need an AWS account in order to use Amazon WorkSpaces. Using this account, you may easily provision Amazon WorkSpaces for you and any other users in your business after logging into the AWS Management Console. Selecting a user from your directory is the first step in provisioning an Amazon WorkSpace. the user's Amazon WorkSpaces package should then be chosen. The resources you require, the desktop operating system you want to use, the amount of storage you want to utilise, and the preconfigured software programmes you want are all specified in the Amazon WorkSpaces bundle. Finally, select the Amazon WorkSpace's running mode. If you want to use monthly billing, select AlwaysOn; if you want to use hourly billing, select AutoStop. The user will get an email with connection instructions as soon as their WorkSpace is provisioned. The same procedure can be used to furnish several WorkSpaces simultaneously.

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Ques. 3): What kind of operating systems are compatible with Amazon WorkSpaces?

Answer:

Amazon WorkSpaces offers Windows 10 desktop experiences, Ubuntu WorkSpaces built on Ubuntu Desktop 22.04 LTS, and Amazon Linux WorkSpaces built on Amazon Linux 2 LTS. You may decide whether Windows Server 2016 or Windows Server 2019 will power your Windows 10 desktop experience. You can use your Amazon WorkSpaces to run Windows 10 Enterprise if your company is allowed to bring its own Windows Desktop licences.

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Ques. 4): After it has been provisioned, how can a user access their Amazon WorkSpace?

Answer:

When an Amazon WorkSpace is set up, users get an email with information on how to connect to their WorkSpace and where to get the necessary WorkSpaces clients. The user will have the option to set a password the first time they try to connect to their WorkSpace if you are not connecting with an existing Active Directory. Users will log in with their standard Active Directory credentials if the AWS Directory Services AD Connector has been used to link with an already-existing Active Directory domain.

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Ques. 5): Will I have a pleasant user experience if I'm located a long way from the area where my Amazon WorkSpace is located?

Answer:

You can still utilise Amazon WorkSpaces if you're more than 2000 miles away from the areas where it's now offered, although your experience could be less responsive. Utilizing the website for the Amazon WorkSpaces Connection Health Check is the simplest approach to assess performance. For information on the region-specific availability of Amazon WorkSpaces services, see the Regional Products and Services page.

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Ques. 6): Is it possible to make unique photos for Amazon WorkSpaces?

Answer:

A running WorkSpace can be used to build a custom picture if you are an administrator. Select the WorkSpace in the console and choose "Create Image" after customising it with your programmes and preferences. Your settings and programmes are used to create an image. Only graphics bundles of the same bundle type may be used with custom images developed from Amazon WorkSpaces with GPU-enabled bundles (Graphics, GraphicsPro, Graphics.g4dn, and GraphicsPro.g4dn). For instance, a custom picture produced from the Graphics.g4dn bundle can be used with the Graphics.g4dn or GraphicsPro.g4dn bundles, but not the other way around. Only the Value, Standard, Performance, Power, or PowerPro bundles can be utilised with custom images that were made from those bundles. The majority of WorkSpace photos are accessible in under 45 minutes.

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Ques. 7): Is it possible to copy Amazon WorkSpaces Images to different AWS Regions?

Answer:

You can copy your WorkSpaces Images to other AWS Regions where WorkSpaces is available using the WorkSpaces UI, APIs, or CLI. Access the WorkSpaces console and use the left-hand menu to find the "Images" area. To begin, just choose the image you want to copy, click the "Actions" button, and then choose the "Copy Image" option.

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Ques. 8): Which Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes are available with Amazon WorkSpaces?

Answer:

The root and user volumes of every Amazon WorkSpace that was released after January 31, 2017, were constructed using general-purpose SSD EBS volumes. Prior to January 31, 2017, EBS magnetic volumes were the default configuration for Amazon WorkSpaces. By rebuilding, you can change your Amazon WorkSpaces' magnetic EBS volumes to SSD EBS volumes.

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Ques. 9): Can I make my Amazon WorkSpaces storage volumes bigger?

Answer:

Yes. The user and root volumes connected to your WorkSpaces can both be expanded at any moment. You can choose from pre-bundled storage configurations for root and user volumes when you create new WorkSpaces, or you can choose a storage capacity that is larger than those configurations. You can select 10 GB, 50 GB, or 100 GB for the User volume in storage configurations with an 80 GB Root volume. Storage options with a Root volume of 175 GB to 2000 GB and a User volume of 100 GB to 2000 GB are available. Please be aware that in order to expand the User volume from 100 GB to 1000 GB, you must first set the Root volume to 175 GB. You can only use the aforementioned options to raise the volumes' size after your WorkSpaces have been created, to a maximum of 2000 GB for each Root and User volume.

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Ques. 10): What information can I keep after migrating to WorkSpaces?

Answer:

The most recent snapshot of the original user volume will be kept in its entirety. For a Windows WorkSpace, the C drive will be freshly constructed from the destination bundle image, while the D drive data acquired by the most recent snapshot will be kept after migration. Additionally, migrate tries to transfer information from the outdated user profile to the current one. A.notMigrated folder will be used to store data that cannot be transferred to the new profile.

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Ques. 11): How do custom images change the size of my root volume?

Answer:

By default, WorkSpaces launched from a custom image have a root volume that is the same size as the custom image. For instance, all WorkSpaces launched from your custom image will have the same root volume size, which in this case would be 100 GB. When you start your WorkSpace or at any moment thereafter, you can raise the size of your root volume.

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Ques. 12): Is it necessary for a WorkSpace in AutoStop mode to be active in order to modify the bundle type?

Answer:

No. When you make a modification, we create a WorkSpace that isn't already active, apply the bundle change to it, restart it to make the changes effective, and then halt it once more. A paused Standard (2vCPU, 4 GiB) WorkSpace could have its bundle type changed from Standard to Performance. Your Standard WorkSpace is started, the bundle update is applied, and it is restarted. Your WorkSpace now has Performance hardware after the restart (2vCPU, 7.5 GiB).

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Ques. 13): If I change the storage size or hardware package throughout a month, how am I charged?

Answer:

You are charged the monthly price for AlwaysOn WorkSpaces or the monthly fee for AutoStop WorkSpaces, prorated on a per-day basis, for either modification.

For instance, if you add 175 GB of root storage and 100 GB of user storage to an AlwaysOn Power WorkSpace on the tenth of the month, you will be charged $78.00 for the Power WorkSpace and $11.60 for the additional 175 GB for 20 days at the rate of $0.10/GB-month (in US-East-1). Similar to this, switching a package on the 15th of the month incurs a 15-day charge for Value WorkSpaces ($12.50 in US-East-1) and a 15-day charge for Standard WorkSpaces ($17.50 in US-East-1).

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Ques. 14): Can I make a custom image for my bundles with GPU support?

Answer:

Yes. Only the same kind of Amazon WorkSpaces bundle can be utilised with custom photos produced from it. For instance, a GraphicsPro.g4dn WorkSpace can be launched using an image created from a Graphics.g4dn bundle. However, you are unable to launch a GraphicsPro WorkSpace or a G4dn-based WorkSpace using an image created from a Graphics package.

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Ques. 15): What storage options are available on WorkSpaces with GPU support?

Answer:

The user volume and root volumes in every GPU-enabled WorkSpaces bundle have a minimum of 100 GB of persistent storage. When you start new WorkSpaces, you may choose the amount of storage you require for both root and user volumes, and you can increase storage allocations at any moment. Users' data that they save on the "user volume" connected to the WorkSpace is routinely and automatically backed up to Amazon S3.

Additionally, local NVMe-based SSD storage known as the instance store is included with Graphics G4dn bundles. Because the data saved in instance store volumes is not permanent through instance stops, terminations, or hardware failures, the instance store is perfect for transitory content like caches and buffers. Both Graphics.g4dn and GraphicsPro.g4dn offer 125 GB and 225 GB of local instance storage, respectively. The local instance store's size cannot be altered. The local instance store volume with the name "E:Temp SSD" can be found on your WorkSpace.

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Ques. 16): What advantages do my own Windows desktop licences in Amazon WorkSpaces provide?

Answer:

You will save $4 per Amazon WorkSpace per month when being paid monthly and money on the hourly usage cost when being billed hourly by bringing your own Windows Desktop licences to Amazon WorkSpaces (see the Amazon WorkSpaces pricing page for more information). Additionally, you can now manage both your physical and virtual desktop installations using a single golden image.

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Ques. 17): I introduced my own custom Windows bundles to WorkSpaces, but I want to start a new Amazon WorkSpace using one of the public bundles that are already configured.

Answer:

No. In order to comply with Microsoft's licencing compliance requirements, your customised WorkSpaces that support BYOL for Windows 10 Desktops are launched on physically dedicated hardware. WorkSpaces can only be launched from the custom bundle you made that contains your Windows 10 Desktop image when they are in a directory designated for dedicated hardware.

You can create a new AWS AD Connector directory that points to the same Microsoft Active Directory as your Windows 10 Desktop WorkSpaces and launch WorkSpaces in that directory as you normally would using the AWS Management Console or the WorkSpaces SDK and CLI if you want to launch WorkSpaces from public bundles to users in the same domain.

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Ques. 18): How do I enrol my current BYOL WorkSpaces in the Office bundle?

Answer:

Using the Amazon WorkSpaces migrate functionality, you can convert your current BYOL WorkSpaces into ones that have the Office bundle installed after creating a BYOL image with that bundle installed. After migration, all data in the most recent snapshot of the old user volume will be kept, and the C drive will be built from scratch using the new image. A WorkSpace established from a bundle that does not include Microsoft Office from AWS can be moved to another WorkSpace built from a bundle that does, and vice versa. Data is retained during migration on both the root and user volumes.

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Ques. 19): Is Amazon WorkSpaces compliant with PCI?

Answer:

Yes. Amazon WorkSpaces complies with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard and is PCI compliant (PCI DSS). The PCI Security Standards Council, which was established by American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard Worldwide, and Visa Inc., is in charge of overseeing the PCI DSS, a private information security standard. All organisations, including merchants, processors, acquirers, issuers, and service providers, who store, process, or transmit cardholder data (CHD) and/or sensitive authentication data (SAD) are subject to PCI DSS. The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council is in charge of enforcing the PCI DSS, which is required by the card companies.

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Ques. 20): How can I restrict access to Amazon WorkSpaces using digital certificates?

Answer:

You submit your root certificates to the WorkSpaces administration console and distribute your client certificates to the macOS, Windows, Android, and Android-compatible Chrome OS devices you wish to trust in order to use digital certificates to deny or enable access to Amazon WorkSpaces. Use your preferred solution, such as Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) or mobile-device management (MDM) software, to distribute your client certificates.

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Top 20 AWS RDS Interview Questions and Answers

A managed service called Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) makes it simple to set up, run, and scale a relational database in the cloud. While managing time-consuming database administration activities, it offers cost-effective and scalable capacity, freeing you to concentrate on your applications and company.

You have access to the features of a well-known MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, SQL Server, or PostgreSQL database using Amazon RDS. This indicates that Amazon RDS should function seamlessly with the code, apps, and tools you now use with your existing databases. Your database can be automatically backed up via Amazon RDS, and the most recent version of your database software can always be used. You gain from the adaptability that comes with being able to quickly scale the computing or storage resources connected to your relational database instance. Additionally, for read-intensive database workloads, Amazon RDS makes it simple to implement replication to increase database availability, improve data durability, or extend beyond the limitations of a single database instance. There are no upfront costs involved, and you just pay for the resources you use, like with all Amazon Web Services.

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Ques. 1): What should I do if my queries appear to be taking a while to execute?

Answer:

We recommend turning up Enhanced Monitoring for production databases, which gives you access to more than 50 CPU, RAM, file system, and disc I/O metrics. You can select the granularity and enable these functionalities on an instance-by-instance basis (all the way down to 1 second). The performance of queries can be negatively impacted by high CPU utilisation, so you might choose to scale your DB instance class in this situation.

If your database uses RDS for MySQL or MariaDB, you can examine the slow query logs to find out whether any SQL queries are performing slowly and, if so, what their individual performance traits are. To review the slow-moving SQL queries, you could set the "slow query log" DB Parameter and query the mysql.slow log table. You can spot slow queries if you're using RDS for Oracle by looking at the information in the Oracle trace file. If you're using RDS for SQL Server, you can find slow queries using the client side SQL Server traces.

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Ques. 2): How can you can examine the slow query logs to find out whether any SQL queries are performing slowly?

Answer:

To review the slow-moving SQL queries, you could set the "slow query log" DB Parameter and query the mysql.slow log table. You can spot slow queries if you're using RDS for Oracle by looking at the information in the Oracle trace file. If you're using RDS for SQL Server, you can find slow queries using the client side SQL Server traces.

Using the AWS Management Console, Amazon RDS APIs, or AWS Command Line Interface, creating DB instances is straightforward. Using the AWS Management Console, click "RDS" and then the "Launch DB Instance" button on the Instances tab to start a database instance. The parameters for your database instance can then be specified, including the database engine and version, licence model, instance type, storage type and quantity, and principal user credentials.

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Ques. 3): When would I utilise Relational Database AMIs for Amazon EC2 instead of Amazon RDS?

Answer:

For developers, Amazon Web Services offers a variety of database substitutes. By offloading database administration, Amazon RDS enables you to run a fully managed and feature-rich relational database. You may control your own relational database in the cloud by utilising one of our many relational database AMIs on Amazon EC2. These alternatives have significant differences that could make one more suitable for your use case.

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Ques. 4): How do I load data into an instance of Amazon RDS DB?

Answer:

You can import data into Amazon RDS in a number of straightforward ways, including using the mysqldump or mysqlimport utilities for MySQL; Data Pump, import/export, or SQL Loader for Oracle; the Import/Export wizard, full backup files (.bak files), or Bulk Copy Program (BCP) for SQL Server; or pg dump for PostgreSQL.

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Ques. 5): Can I test a new version of my database before upgrading?

Answer:

Yes. To achieve this, you can take a database snapshot of your current database instance, restore the database instance using the database snapshot, then start a version upgrade for the newly created database instance. Before determining whether or not to upgrade your original DB instance, you can experiment securely on the upgraded duplicate of your DB instance.

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Ques. 6): What benefits does the Amazon RDS AWS Free Tier provide?

Answer:

The Bring-Your-Own-License (BYOL) licencing model for Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server Express Edition are supported under the AWS Free Tier for Amazon RDS service. There is a monthly limit of 750 instance hours for the free use tier. Customers also get 20 GB of free backup storage and 20 GB of general purpose (SSD) database storage each month.

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Ques. 7): What if I want to cover an existing database instance with a reserved instance?

Answer:

Simply acquire a DB instance reservation in the same Region as the DB instance you are presently running and want to reserve, with the same DB instance class, DB engine, Multi-AZ option, and License Model. If the reservation purchase is successful, Amazon RDS will immediately charge your existing DB instance with the new hourly usage fee.

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Ques. 8): Are Multi-AZ deployments able to use reserved instances?

Answer:

Yes. When purchasing a reserved instance, you can choose the Multi-AZ option from the list of potential DB instance configurations. Additionally, a Multi-AZ reserved instance will cover usage for two Single-AZ DB instances if you are using a DB engine and licence model that enable flexible reserved instance sizes.

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Ques. 9): Will my database instance be accessible after scaling?

Answer:

You can increase the storage space allotted to your DB Instance while still keeping it available. However, your database will be briefly inaccessible when the DB instance class is changed if you want to scale the compute resources that are available to your DB instance up or down. Unless you specify that the adjustment should be done immediately, this brief period of unavailability usually only lasts a few minutes and occurs during the maintenance window for your DB Instance.

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Ques. 10): Does my DB Instance automatically do backups, or do I need to turn them on?

Answer:

Your DB Instance can automatically be backed up with a 7-day retention period via Amazon RDS by default. Only active DB Instances are eligible for the free backup storage, which is capped at the size of your supplied database. For instance, we will give you 100 GB-months of backup storage for free if you have 100 GB of allocated database storage every month.

When creating a new DB Instance, you can use the console, the CreateDBInstance API, or the ModifyDBInstance API to change the backup retention duration (for existing instances). You can use these APIs to change the RetentionPeriod parameter to any number from 0 (which will disable automated backups) to the desired number of days. The value can't be set to 0 if the DB instance is a source to Read Replicas.

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Ques. 11): How does Amazon RDS function with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)?

Answer:

Establish a virtual networking environment with total control over elements including private IP address ranges, subnets, routing tables, and network gateways using Amazon VPC to create a private, isolated area of the AWS cloud. By defining a virtual network topology and customising the network configuration with Amazon VPC, you may make your virtual network closely match an IP network that you might run in your own data centre.

When you want to preserve non-publicly accessible backend servers on a private subnet while still running a public-facing web service, VPC can be useful. You can create a public-facing subnet for your webservers that has access to the Internet, and place your backend Amazon RDS DB Instances in a private-facing subnet with no Internet access.

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Ques. 12): What security measures should I do to guarantee that my application may access my DB Instances in VPC?

Answer:

To make sure that your DB instance can be reached from your client instances in the VPC, it is your responsibility to adjust the routing tables and networking ACLs in the VPC. Your client's EC2 instance and Amazon RDS DB Instance may be in separate Availability Zones for Multi-AZ setups after failover. You should set up your networking ACLs to permit communication across AZs.

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Ques. 13): What is the difference between an AWS account and an Amazon RDS primary user account?

Answer:

You must have a developer account with AWS in order to use Amazon RDS. You will be asked to create one when you start the Amazon RDS sign-up process if you don't already have one. A primary user account is utilised exclusively in the context of Amazon RDS to manage access to your DB Instance and is distinct from an AWS developer account (s). Your DB Instance can be accessed via the principal user account, which is a native database user account.

Each DB Instance can have a primary user name and password specified when the DB Instance is created. Once you have created your DB Instance, you can connect to the database using the primary user credentials. Subsequently, you may also want to create additional user accounts so that you can restrict who can access your DB Instance.

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Ques. 14): On my Amazon RDS databases, can I encrypt data in transit?

Answer:

For all database engines supported by Amazon RDS, encryption at rest is supported using keys managed by AWS Key Management Service (KMS). A database instance running with Amazon RDS encryption encrypts all automated backups, read replicas, snapshots, and data stored at rest in the underlying storage. The handling of encryption and decryption is transparent.

By producing a DB snapshot, a copy of that snapshot, and a KMS encryption key, you may also add encryption to a previously unencrypted DB instance or DB cluster. After that, you can use the encrypted snapshot to restore an encrypted database instance or database cluster. Amazon RDS for Oracle and SQL Server support those engines' Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) technologies.

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Ques. 15): How do I pick the appropriate setup settings for my DB Instance(s)?

Answer:

By default, Amazon RDS selects the best configuration settings for your DB Instance while taking the instance class and storage capacity into consideration. The Amazon RDS APIs, the AWS Command Line Interface, or the AWS Management Console can all be used to modify them, though. Please be aware that altering configuration parameters from recommended values can result in unanticipated consequences such as performance degradation or system failures and should only be done by experienced users who are willing to take these risks.

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Ques. 16): Will I be informed if there is an automated failover?

Answer:

Yes, to let you know that an automatic failover took place, Amazon RDS will broadcast a DB instance event. To retrieve details about events pertaining to your DB instance, utilise the DescribeEvents API or the "Events" component of the Amazon RDS Console. To receive notifications when particular DB events happen, you may also use Amazon RDS Event Notifications.

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Ques. 17): How does running a database instance as a read replica work?

Answer:

For read-intensive database workloads, read replicas make it simple to utilise supported engines' built-in replication functionality to elastically expand out beyond the capacity restrictions of a single DB instance.

With just a few clicks in the AWS Management Console using the CreateDBInstanceReadReplica API, you may build a read replica. Database updates on the source DB instance will be duplicated using a supported engine's native, asynchronous replication once the read replica has been built. For a specific source DB Instance, you can build multiple read replicas and divide the read traffic from your application across them.

Read replicas are susceptible to the advantages and disadvantages of the built-in replication of supported engines. The replication lag might vary greatly, and in particular, updates are applied to your read replica(s) after they happen on the source DB instance. Along with the improved database write availability and data durability that Multi-AZ deployments offer, read replicas can be used with Multi-AZ deployments to benefit from read scaling.

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Ques. 18): How can I establish a connection to my read replica?

Answer:

By retrieving the endpoint(s) for your read replica using the DescribeDBInstance API or the AWS Management Console, you can connect to a read replica in the same way that you would connect to a conventional DB instance (s). Your application will decide how read traffic will be split across your read replicas if you have more than one.

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Ques. 19): Can I utilise a read replica to increase write availability in the database or to safeguard the data on my source DB instance against failure scenarios?

Answer:

We advise running your DB instance as a Multi-AZ deployment if you want to employ replication to boost database write availability and safeguard recent database modifications against various failure scenarios. Database writes occur on a read replica with Amazon RDS Read Replicas, which leverage supported engines' native, asynchronous replication, after they have already occurred on the source DB instance. This replication "lag" might vary greatly.

In contrast, Multi-AZ installations use synchronous replication, which allows all database writes to occur simultaneously on the primary and standby. This safeguards your most recent database updates, which need to be accessible on the standby in the event that a failover is necessary.

Replication is fully controlled with Multi-AZ setups as well. In the event of an outage, Amazon RDS immediately initiates a failover to the standby (or to a read replica, in the case of Amazon Aurora) and monitors for DB instance failure conditions or Availability Zone failure.

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Ques. 20): Can I only perform database read operations on my read replicas?

Answer:

Read traffic is intended to be served by read replicas. Advanced users could, however, want to execute Data Definition Language (DDL) SQL operations against a read replica in some use situations. Adding a database index to a read replica that is used for business reporting without adding the same index to the relevant source DB instance is one example.

You may set up Amazon RDS for MySQL to allow DDL SQL statements against a read replica. Change the active DB parameter group for the read replica by changing the "read only" parameter to "0" if you want to enable operations other than reads for a specific read replica.

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